%  SAP Steering Committee Submission for NSERC Reallocation 2002
%
%	 History:
%   Version 0.1  PK  12/10/01
%   Version 0.2  PKS 14/10/01
%   Version 0.3  PKS 18/10/01
%   Version 0.4  PK  18/10/01
%   Version 0.6  PKS 10/11/01
%   Version 0.7  PK  12/11/01  Fix PKS's blunders
%   Version 1.0  PKS 14/11/01  Fix cyclotron reference and medium energy
%
%\documentstyle[draftcopy,12pt]{article}
\documentstyle[12pt]{article}
%
%  Get the spacing correct and twiddle with defaults to optimize
%
\hoffset -0.75in
\voffset -1.10in
\textwidth=7.0in
\textheight=9.6in
\parskip=3pt plus 1pt
%
\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90}
\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.95}
\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10}
\def\reallocsection#1{
\vspace{-0.6cm}
\section{#1}
\vspace{-0.4cm}}
\def\parheading#1{{\bf {#1}: \hspace{.05in}}} 
%
\begin{document}
% ---------------------------------------------
% Title page  Should we look for an exciting set of figures?  This needs 
% some design.....
%
\title{
DRAFT Version 1.0 \\
~~\\
~~\\
~~\\
The Subatomic Physics (GSC 19) Submission\\
for the 2002 NSERC Reallocations Exercise\\
~~\\
~~\\
~~\\}

\author{GSC 19 Steering Committee:\\
P. Kalyniak {\em (co-Chair)}, P.K. Sinervo {\em (co-Chair)}, J.-M.
Poutissou and K. Sharma}


\maketitle
\newpage 
%
%  Cheat a little on the line spacing...
%
\setlength{\baselineskip}{14.5pt}

\def\thepage{\roman{page}} 
%
%  Now really start the report.
%
\newpage
\def\thepage{\arabic{page}}
\setcounter{page}{1}

\reallocsection{A Vision for Canada's Subatomic Physics Programme}
%
Physics seeks to understand the nature and structure of
matter and to delineate the laws of motion and change. This
quest has led to the discovery of the classical forces and laws  of
motion, the chemical elements and their atomic nature, the structure  of
atoms and the quantum laws of motion, the nuclear forces, and the 
structure of the nucleus. Subatomic physics continues this quest for 
understanding at the most fundamental and universal level. The frontiers
of this field include: string theory  (attempting the ultimate 
unification of Einstein's General Relativity with the quantum 
description of particles and forces); the theoretical description  of
particle and nuclear phenomena embodied in the Standard Model and 
beyond; studies of particle interactions at the highest energies where
new particles and  forces are expected; precision measurements at
intermediate energy  seeking evidence of new physics through subtle
deviations from our  present expectations; experiments probing the
complex many-body  behavior of forces in the nucleus; and gaining an
understanding of  the nuclear reactions that fuel the stars and forge the
chemical  elements during their life and death processes. Unique
opportunities  also exist, at the interface between astronomy and nuclear
and  particle physics, that contribute to our understanding of the
origin  and evolution of the universe.

Great strides have been made in identifying the elementary constituents 
of matter and their interactions. These key discoveries have led to the 
development of an elegant theory known as the Standard Model (SM), 
one of the most important scientific achievements of 
the 20th century. It accounts for a description of all phenomena, 
observed at the shortest distance scales possible, with a minimal set 
of particles and a small number of fundamental forces. This model has 
profound implications for our understanding of the development of the 
Universe and its behavior at very early times after the ``Big Bang.'' 
The Standard Model has been verified
with high precision. Its accuracy allows us to use it for
guiding  extrapolation to ever-higher energies (corresponding to shorter
periods just after the Big Bang).  However, it
is only an approximate theory, valid at relatively low energies 
compared to primordial events. There are many questions that the
Standard Model leaves unanswered.   We are forced to  confront
these questions in attempting to understand the extreme environments 
present in the cosmos such as neutron stars, black holes, supernovae, 
and gamma ray bursters.  We are also forced to confront these questions
in understanding the number and nature of quarks and leptons that are
the basic SM building blocks. 
%The simplicity of the Standard Model is 
%also brought into question by recent observations such as ``mixing'' of
%neutrinos and the evidence for  dark matter and energy in the universe.

The source of mass, which in the Standard Model arises from the Higgs
mechanism, has not been experimentally  established.  This is the focus
of high-energy physics experiments at the energy  frontier, first at the
Fermilab TEVATRON and later in this decade at the CERN Large Hadron
Collider (LHC).  The search for evidence of a new level of unification of
the forces  will dominate the high-energy program and will also involve
many high  precision tests at lower energies. Theoretical extrapolations
beyond  the standard model, constrained by experimental tests, suggest a 
grand unification of the four fundamental forces identified at our  energy
(distance) scale. One such theory, Supersymmetry, implies a  duplication
of the elementary particles discovered so far with a  complementary set
of supersymmetric partners. Searches for such new  particles are underway
and the weakly interacting neutral partner  may be a candidate for the
dark matter in the Universe.

The energy sources in the Universe are derived from nuclear reactions 
that take place in stars.  A frontier in subatomic physics deals with 
our understanding of the most cataclysmic events (e.g. supernovae) 
in the cosmos by which the heavy elements are made.  While we have a 
good understanding of the synthesis of the lighter nuclei (up to the mass
of iron) in  the reactions that take place inside stars
(nucleosynthesis),  we have been  unable to extend this model to the
formation of the heavier  elements.  This is due to the
limitation  imposed by our experimental facilities, which until recently 
allowed  us to study only reactions in which both the incident and
target  nuclei were naturally occurring isotopes.  A new generation 
of facilities now provide accelerated beams 
of short-lived, radioactive nuclei for nuclear physics experiments. 
This will extend our studies to the nuclear reactions that are critical
to this nuclear ``forging process.''  Such studies  will critically test
nuclear models, which predict the properties of  nuclei, under extreme
conditions of isospin (ratio of the number of  proton and neutrons),
shape and temperature and push our modeling of  nuclear matter into
uncharted territory. There is already some  evidence that the shell model
of nuclei must be revised as one moves  away from the region of stable
nuclei.  Canada and Canadian subatomic physicists are now playing a
leading role in this work through the experiments now underway at the
ISAC facility at TRIUMF.

Canada has developed a
unique programme that over the last 15 years has successfully
integrated the study of nuclear physics (the study of phenomena
involving the many-body system of protons and neutrons comprising the
nucleus of all atoms) and particle physics (the study of the more
elementary particles, the quarks and leptons, that are the building
blocks of the nucleons and atoms).  By all measures, the Canadian
programme has been exceptional in its international impact given its
size.  Members of the experimental programme have taken leadership roles
in each of the large projects Canada has been involved in, and our
theory community has made important contributions to the current
paradigm, known as the Standard Model. 

A very strong scientific relationship has developed between astrophysics
and subatomic  physics in our attempts to understand
understand of the origin and evolution of the Universe in the context of
the Standard Model, and this is particularly evident in the Canadian
subatomic physics programme.   Astrophysics  incorporates ideas from
particle and nuclear physics while subatomic  physics uses astronomical
observations to extend its reach.   The Canadian community has developed
unique facilities as part of this world effort.  The next
generation of experiments planned at the Sudbury Neutrino Observator
(SNO) directly addresses  these aspects. Other new initiatives include a
detector for dark  matter (the PICASSO project),  now in its early stages
of  development, and an observatory for extremely high-energy gamma 
radiation in cosmic rays (VERITAS).  

Many significant advances in subatomic physics have been made by the
Canadian programme over the last five years. Recent SNO results have made
a significant contribution to the resolution of the longstanding  riddle
of the dearth in the solar neutrino flux and provided startling  new
information about the nature of these particles.  The TRIUMF ISAC
facility, arguably the premier  radioactive ion-beam facility in the
world today, is now operational, and first results from the facility have
already been  published and experiments aimed at the detailed study of
astrophysical  phenomena have begun.   Construction of an new
facility, ISAC-II, will ensure  that the Canada maintains its leadership
role at the forefront of radioactive beam physics. Canadian scientists 
are making major contributions to the ATLAS experiment at the LHC.  The
experiment is aimed at testing the mechanism of the Standard  Model for
the generation of mass. The Canadian ATLAS team is on schedule with their 
contributions to the detector and Canada's contribution to the LHC is
nearing completion.  Canada is providing the leadership needed to make
this future experiment a success.  

In this context, the Canadian subatomic physics community has identified
three experimental  areas of research as its highest priorities:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Use the unique SNO detector, which has just started to provide 
new, exciting results, to completely resolve the Solar Neutrino problem
and search for physics beyond the Standard  Model in the neutrino
sector.
%
\item Study nuclear astrophysical phenomena using the ISAC 
facility at TRIUMF and develop the next generation experiments for
ISAC-II. The Canadian program has chosen to focus its  research on the
nuclear astrophysics phenomena and the nuclear  structure issues relevant
to them.
%
\item Participate in the search for an understanding of 
the origin of mass and for evidence of phenomena beyond the 
Standard Model at the LHC.  
\end{enumerate}
At the same time, initiatives in subatomic physics 
theory are necessary and must be strongly supported to ensure 
progress in the field. The three main components, listed above, 
are balanced by other experimental efforts addressed at the basic 
properties of the nucleon, the asymmetry between matter and 
anti-matter and high-precision tests of the Standard Model. 
These initiatives, together with the three high priority efforts, 
will ensure that the community will remain as vibrant and successful 
as it has been in the past.    That is our vision

\reallocsection{The STRATEGY}
%
Our strategy to achieve this vision is based on support of the research
at our national facilities, the need to carefully plan the overall
programme to maximize its scientific impact, to properly support the
highest priority efforts in both experiment and theory, to provide
appropriate support for the area that forms the intersection of
astrophysics and subatomic physics, namely particle astrophysics, over
the next five years, and to develop the next generation of experiments.

Canadian participation in subatomic physics research
is part of our nation's commitment to the community of advanced nations
that value fundamental research driven by the human quest for
understanding. Subatomic physics requires particle accelerators and
detectors of a scale that exist only at national and international
laboratories, with scientists from institutions in many countries
collaborating over periods of a decade or more  to construct the apparatus
and jointly publish the results.  Canada hosts two subatomic physics
facilities that draw researchers from Canada and around the world: the
underground SNO facility, and the TRIUMF laboratory, home of one of the
world's most powerful proton cyclotrons and  the new ISAC radioactive bea
accelerator.  At the same time, Canadian physicists play key roles in
high priority projects at other international laboratories.  We must
continue to support SNO and ISAC as part of our contribution to advancing
the field of subatomic physics.  

Large, long-term,
technically challenging international collaborations require careful
management and planning. The Canadian subatomic physics community and
NSERC have done so through several mechanisms. The infrequent but large
capital equipment requirements are funded not through the NSERC-wide
major-equipment competition, but rather by an ``envelope'' from which
the Grant Selection Committee (GSC 19) funds capital equipment,
infrastructure (MFA), and operating support for subatomic physics.
Operating funds are provided primarily through project grants to
experimental groups that include researchers from several universities,
rather than individual investigator grants.  The community has insisted
on using international peer review as the primary mechanism for funding
projects and researchers -- GSC 19 has approximately half of its members
drawn from the very best of the international subatomic physics
community.  
To provide a focused effort drawing
on unique Canadian capabilities, a community based
long range plan (LRP) has been developed.
This reallocation
exercise is linked to the third such LRP,  recently completed under the
auspices  of NSERC. This is foremost a scientific plan, identifying our 
goals and priorities. By focusing on a small number of important 
projects,   
Canadian subatomic physics researchers have made visible and
recognizable contributions in collaborations where any nation is in the
minority.  This selection  must also strike the appropriate balance  
between properly supporting the highest priority projects in the
Canadian programme and maintaining its intellectual breadth. 
Furthermore, our LRP has identified where we want to be positioned for 
opportunities in the next decade.


Subatomic physics is technology-intensive, providing opportunities
for training in instrumentation, integrated electronics, advanced
computation, and data mining.
It is also unique in the scale and breadth of collaborations,
providing students and researchers with experience in international 
cooperation and management of large and long-term projects.
The tools developed for subatomic research have had important
applications in research, industry, and to the general public.
Much of medical diagnostic instrumentation is derived from
nuclear and particle detector technology.
The widespread availability of superconducting magnets for
magnetic resonance imaging was made possible by the development
of superconducting material and magnet technology for particle
accelerators and detectors.
Synchrotron radiation and neutron scattering facilities for
the physical and life sciences are direct applications of
subatomic physics technology.
The ubiquitous World Wide Web was originally developed at CERN
as a means for subatomic researchers to document and communicate
their work.  Our programme must continue to support R\&D of advanced
instrumentation. 


%Guided by
%the five-year plan recommendations, GSC 19 members respond to the
%specific proposals put forward by investigators thereby effectively
%making peer-review decisions that maximize the significance and
%impact of  the Canadian effort on the world stage. 


%As with many fields,
%subatomic physics in Canada has a demographic bulge of faculty hired
%during the rapid growth of the universities in the 1960's and nearing
%retirement. These senior researchers provide valuable experience
%and 
%they often remain active as emeritus professors.
%The fast-paced and international nature of the field
%means that project leadership is usually
%done by the younger generation.
%The universities have now begun to replace the
%retirements, with X faculty having being hired in the last Y years, with
%Z ongoing searches underway, and W open positions expected in the next 3
%years. We expect the result will be a younger community with less
%emphasis on traditional nuclear structure physics and more on nuclear
%astrophysics, particle physics, astroparticle
%physics, and string theory.  This will result in increased competition
%for funding, but a community well-positioned to continue to be leaders in
%the world.

\subsection{The New Subatomic Physics Long Range Plan (2002-06)}%
The LRP is 
foremost a scientific plan that also lays out funding priorities to
help assist the NSERC Grant Selection Committee in annually allocating
resources to specific initiatives.  The so-called ``status quo scenario''
maps out our scientific plans for  the case of a constant funding
envelope. The LRP also identifies the community's priorities for the case
of decreased funding resulting in this reallocation exercise and, of
course, explores the new opportunities arising with an increase in our
resources. In any scenario, subatomic physics research requires detailed
attention to the balance between operating funds and planning for capital
expenditures. With the long time scales involved in our discipline, it
is  crucial to sustain long term objectives with a stable working
environment. The Canadian community has established its reputation by
being reliable collaborators who deliver on our international
commitments, and providing the intellectual leadership to direct each
project to successful completion.  

Our present LRP emphasizes a concentration of
resources on three highest priority projects, ISAC, SNO and ATLAS.  
These priorities exist in the context of many important issues 
in subatomic physics. Consequently, the scientific program argued for in
our LRP recognizes the need for breadth and for planning for smaller
elements of the programme in a longer term context.  We describe the
key elements of the status quo scenario in the LRP, as that forms the
basis for our reallocation requests.    

\parheading{ISAC and Nuclear Astrophysics}
Nuclear astrophysics is
the primary focus of the Canadian program at the new ISAC facility at 
TRIUMF. ISAC's radioactive ion beams allow the study of key reaction
chains which otherwise occur only during explosive nucleosynthesis 
in stars. Our understanding of the production of heavy elements and of
the nuclear structure of isotopes far from the line of stability will be
significantly advanced with this facility. The beams at ISAC will also
be exploited for sensitive tests of physics beyond the Standard Model.

The current stage of ISAC, ISAC-I, is restricted to isotopes with
nuclear mass $A$\ less than 30 atomic mass units (u) and energies of 1.5
MeV per nucleon. The upgrade to ISAC-II, which will be able to accelerate
radiactive ions with $A<150$~u up to energies of 6 MeV per nucleon, has
been approved and funded and delivery of first beams is expected in
2005. The ISAC-II nuclear astrophysics program will be expanded beyond
that of ISAC-I with the ability to access further nuclear reaction chains.
Both reaction dynamics and nuclear structure under extreme conditions will
be studied by Canadian groups from McMaster University, Guelph University
and TRIUMF.

Canada has managed to develop a focussed programme through careful
selection of a small number of other projects that are expected to have
significant impact.  At TRIUMF, the TWIST
experiment is now poised to make the most precise measurements of
muon decay.  Nuclear physicists at Universities of Manitoba, Northern
British Columbia and Regina are making contributions to studies at the
Thomas Jeffersion National Laboratory in the U.S. that delve into the
lack of mirror-symmetry in nature and the detailed properties of the
proton.  Researchers at McGill University and Manitoba are making seminal
nuclear mass measurements at Argonne National Laboratory and at CERN.  

\parheading{SNO and the Interface with Astrophysics}
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory has dominated the scientific scene with
its first results. SNO is a unique facility consisting of a large acrylic
vessel filled with heavy water, immersed in a much larger light water
``shield,'' all located 2~km underground in the INCO Creighton nickel
mine. The heavy water allows the detection of all neutrino types. The
collaboration has now measured a total solar neutrino flux in excellent
agreement with the prediction of the standard solar model, while also
finding a deficit in the charged current rate. The implication is that
neutrinos do oscillate between species and some discrimination between
models has already been accomplished. Increasingly  precise determination
of the parameters of neutrino oscillations will  continue.  The first
phase of the unique neutral current measurement, with salt in the water,
is underway. 

SNO is just one example of a project which draws together particle and
nuclear physics with the observation of astrophysical phenomena. This is
a research area of growing global importance.  Our LRP advocates that we 
take on this exciting new area as an
intrinsic part of our research program.   On the theoretical front, there
is an  explosion of
interest in possibilities linking our understanding of the origins of
the universe and its fundamental constituents, in the form of
superstring cosmology.  A small  particle astrophysics program 
in Canada is currently being supported, and includes a dark matter search
using a novel Canadian technology,  explorations of the phenomena of
ultra-high energy gamma rays, and  the continuing opportunities at the
SNO site for neutrino  astronomy. Indeed, the SNO site represents a unique
outstandingly low radioactivity and cosmic-ray background environment for
some of these future
investigations. 

\parheading{ATLAS and Particle Physics}
The primary goal of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC is to understand how 
the mass of
elementary particles is generated. 
This is part of the program to study the so-called electroweak 
symmetry breaking and 
has profound implications for
our understanding of both the fundamental interactions and the 
nature of the early universe.  
Furthermore, since 
ATLAS is at the high energy frontier of particle physics, it
will provide our best opportunity for the discovery of phenomena which
may  exist beyond our current understanding, such as supersymmetric
particles. 

The Canadian ATLAS group is designing, prototyping, and constructing
certain key components of the  detector, calorimeters, which measure the
energy of particles produced in the collisions at the LHC. This includes
the development of advanced electronics, some of which must meet
unprecedented radiation hardness  standards. The status quo scenario of
the LRP has the Canadian group meeting its international committments
with delivery of its contributions on schedule. Furthermore, the ATLAS
Canada community is developing competitive analysis capabilities.

This top priority effort on ATLAS is balanced by an excellent and  
well rounded program of particle physics projects, chosen to maximize 
the significance and impact of the Canadian effort on the world stage. 
Canadians have played seminal roles in the extreme experimental scrutiny 
of the Standard Model at a number of facilities.    The Canadian OPAL
group is completing their seminal studies of high-energy $e^+e^-$\
collisions at the LEP-II collider, while Canada still plays a significant
role in the ZEUS experiment at the HERA
$e^-p$\ collider in Hamburg, Germany.     Our subatomic physics community
continues to confront the nature of  CP violation  in the B and K
systems,  a key test of our understanding of the asymmetry between matter
and anti-matter in the universe.  Our most notable recent contributions
have been to the E787 experiment, studying the rare decays of K mesons,
which has recently completed the most sensitive study of these decays,
and the BaBar experiment studying B meson decays at the Stanford Linear
Accelerator Centre.  The Canadian effort at the current  energy frontier
facility, the Fermilab Tevatron, has not only unearthed the
top quark  but will provide  invaluable experience for our ATLAS Canada
team as data taking commences  towards the end of this reallocations
period.   

\parheading{Ideas and Technology for the Future}
The subatomic physics community has identified where it would like to
be positioned for the future. 
Instrumentation for the nuclear physics program of ISAC II must be
developed and constructed.
R\&D for instrumentation for 
the future international Linear Collider has begun; this facility is
rapidly being 
identified worldwide as the major new initiative beyond the LHC.
We are also looking to define Canadian participation in an 
international 
accelerator based second generation experiment for precise
measurement of the parameters of neutrino oscillations.

\parheading{Financial Plan}
The LRP resulted in the development of model for how funding should be
allocated over the next five years.  This funding plan is summarized in
Table~\ref{tab: LRP funding}, and summarizes the status quo plan.  
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrr}
           &	2000-01 &	2001-02 &	2002-03 &	2003-04 &	2004-05 &	2005-06 \\
SNO Operating	         & 3,586 & 3,641 & 3,900 & 3,950 & 3,950 & 4,000 \\
ISAC Operating	        & 1,252 & 1,423 & 1,442 & 1,540 & 1,335 & 1,365 \\
ATLAS Operations	      & 1,550 &	1,590 & 2,000 & 2,200 & 2,450 & 2,700 \\
Particle Astrophysics	 &    68 &	   51 &    50 &  	 50 & 	 100 & 	 100 \\
Theory Support	        & 1,920 & 1,880 & 2,100 & 2,190 & 2,277 & 2,277 \\ 
Other Particle Physics & 3,969 & 3,456 & 3,495 & 3,230 & 3,050 & 2,975 \\
Other Nuclear Physics	 & 1,507 &	1,408 & 1,435 & 1,345 & 1,155 & 1,155 \\
Infrastructure	        & 1,491 & 1,508 & 1,610 & 1,655 & 1,700 & 1,745 \\
R\&D	                  &   165 & 	 469 & 	 524 & 	 470 & 	 470 & 	 470 \\ 
Capital	               & 4,067 & 2,161 & 2,686 & 4,040 & 4,504 & 5,214 \\
Total                  &19,641 &17,587 &19,242 &20,670 &20,991 &22,001 \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{The funding allocations recommended for the ``status quo''
Long-Range Plan (all figures are in thousands).}
\label{tab: LRP funding}
\end{table}

The explicit increase in funding for SNO and ATLAS are both important
consequences of this plan.  However, this comes at considerable cost in
the support for particle astrophysics, and an essentially ``flat'' level
of support for ISAC science and the theoretical effort.  Capital funding
is allocated, primarily for the 
second generation rare K-decay experiment (KOPIO) and the ISAC-II
programme, with a small amount set aside for unidentified initiatives in
the last two years of the plan.\footnote{The average operating
support in the GSC 19 envelope (\$13.846M) is subject to the
Reallocation Exercise.}

\subsection{Implementation of the Last Reallocations Exercise}
The last reallocations exercise was
carried out in a context where large capital needs for our three
highest priority projects had to be funded.  Extremely
difficult decisions, including the closure of facilities, were made in
our 1996-2000 LRP in order to lay out clear priorities for a well
focussed program.  A five-year spending plan was developed with a  profile
moving  capital costs of ISAC instrumentation, SNO and ATLAS forward,
the  overall envelope being constrained to balance over a five year
period.  That Reallocations Committee recognized that
the  subatomic physics
 submission emphasized fundamental and important questions in the
overlapping areas of nuclear and particle physics. 
They supported the
community's five year plan and its proposal for research and
development funds aimed at positioning the Canadian subatomic physics
community for the future.  We have now succesfully implemented this plan,
and the scientific benefits of this commitment are now being realized. 
The community enters the 2002-03 funding year having balanced spending
with resources over the last five years.

Funding decisions made by the GSC have been consistent with the
vision and plan of the subatomic physics community and
with the positive recommendations  of the
1998 Reallocations Committee.
\begin{itemize}
\item
The period of implementing the last reallocations decisions
 coincides with the milestones of first delivery of unaccelerated
radioactive beam at ISAC followed by delivery of the high energy beam.
The scientific program is now well underway.
Recognition of the need for strong and timely support of the ISAC
program resulted in
the award of reallocations funds for
new detector systems, 
along with the associated 
operating funds.
\item
Support of the now fully operational SNO project has generated their
first exciting and definitive investigations of the solar neutrino
problem. 
The SNO
results have had an extremely high profile, even in the popular media.
\item
It has been possible to expand the scope of the
ATLAS project using additional increases in funding of the GSC 19
envelope.   Furthermore, as capital costs for ATLAS
have now begun to decline,  
increased operating funds have been
alloated to ATLAS to allow successful delivery of the detector components
under construction as well as the development of
physics analysis tools. 
\end{itemize}

Funding to develop the next generation of experiments has been extremely
limited due to the capital needs of the large high priority projects in
the program.  Reallocations funds in support of 
a few projects with the 
potential for tremendous future impact internationally
have begun to address this need.
These include work on a second generation rare K-decay
project (KOPIO), development of a novel detection system for 
dark matter (PICASSO), and work associated with the proposed
search for states with exotic quantum numbers (TJNAF Hall D). 
Two projects aimed at a future international Linear Collider
have been funded through Reallocations awards. 
This
facility will be the highest priority for particle physics beyond
the LHC, with the capability to precisely characterize discoveries made
at the LHC. Early participation in such an important project is critical
for  Canadian scientists to make an impact in the future. 

As noted by the 1998 Reallocations Committee, our subatomic  physics
effort has a  high profile internationally.  New funding has been
critically important in meeting committments to our national and
international  collaborations and in making progress towards our
scientific goals.
Reallocations funds targeted for  new initiatives put Canadian
subatomic physicists in position to continue their leading roles in
this field of research.

\reallocsection{Specific Proposals}
\subsection{Support for a Balanced Program}
%
The subatomic physics community in Canada has developed a strong program
that strikes the correct balance among a small set of carefully
selected high priority large initiatives, enough breadth to maintain
vital intellectual stimulation, and support for the development of
future innovative projects.  This program is based on detailed
scientific and financial planning and has been subject to extensive
international peer review.  The scope of the program, commensurate with
the expertise of our scientists, provides opportunities for Canadians to
continue to take on leadership roles.

Our top priority experimental projects, ISAC, SNO, and ATLAS, are all
forefront investigations with the highest possible scientific impact
on the international stage.  At the ISAC facility, we have just begun to
use radioactive beams  to explore on earth conditions which otherwise
exist only in extreme astrophysical environments.  By the end of the
implementation period  of this reallocation exercise, SNO will have
greatly advanced our  understanding of the neutrino sector.  At that
time, we will launch the investigation of electroweak symmetry breaking
and explore possible physics beyond the standard model using the ATLAS
detector at the LHC. These three priorities reflect investments by Canada
that range from 7 to 15 years in scope, and will ensure Canada's
leadership role in subatomic physics at an international level.

The LRP takes a considered approach to
also support a well-rounded program of smaller excellent projects along
with theoretical investigations.  This balance encourages
scientific creativity while acknowledging our limited resources.
Furthermore, it assures that we maintain a healthy roster of experiments
taking data during the lengthy construction periods of the largest
projects.

As supported in the last reallocations exercise, our Long Range Plan also
includes R\&D support for future projects. This support is vital for the
long term health of subatomic physics in Canada. It allows us take a few
chances on developing instrumentation with the promise of big scientific 
impact and it assures us a role in the future endeavours which we know
will be the most important global projects in subatomic physics.

The LRP identified specific cuts which could be made in the event 
of a reduction of resources in this reallocations exercise.
These cuts focussed primarily on R\&D expenditures for future
initiatives, compromising our opportunities in the long term, and are
described in Section~\ref{sec: No reallocation}. The future of Canadian
research in subatomic physics cannot be sacrificed. Support of our Long
Range Plan's status quo scenario will position us to
achieve a set
of important scientific goals by the end of this reallocation period. 
Furthermore, it will assure that we continue to make progress in
exploring the most fascinating questions in subatomic physics. 

We request the return of \$1,384K in support of a strong 
Canadian program in subatomic physics with identifiable important
achievements and goals, and provisions for continued excellence
in the long term.

\subsection{Maximize Science Return for Highest Priority Projects}

The status quo scenario of the community's
LPR supports the communities three highest priorities at the minimum
level to achieve the scientific objectives laid out by the
investigators.   However, under this scenario Canada
would fall short of  maximizing the scientific opportunities presented by
ISAC, SNO and ATLAS and would not get the most out of
the considerable investments made over the last 5 years.  We therefore
request a level of support which
would allow our groups to display a leadership role at the international
level in the three projects identified by the community  as most
important for the field.

\parheading{ISAC and Radioactive Beam Science}
%
The support of Canadian groups to exploit the ISAC facility
in its first five years of operation is highly constrained.   Only a few
experiments can be supported at a competitive level by Canadian groups,
leaving a significant part of the programme to other international groups
who will take advantage of this unique world class facility. 
With the spectacular success of TRIUMF in developing this state of
art radioactive beam facility in the last 5 years a strong refocusing
of the Canadian Nuclear Physics programme has occurred with at least 24
FTE involved in the  ISAC 
experimental programme.   In the last two years,  academic institutions
have responded  by creating and filling three new positions in 2001
at University of Alberta and TRIUMF, and are currently advertising three 
positions (McMaster, Alberta and TRIUMF).  The net loss to the progamme
through retirements is approximately one FTE.   NSERC  support must be
found to allow for this rapid growth of the programme.   We request the
necessary additional operating support for these five new experimenters 
at the average level of support providing in this subfield of subatomic 
physics for programmes at TRIUMF. This amounts to  \$325K per annum.

%At the  same time and because of the success displayed in
%establishing ISAC, the  federal and provincial governments are investing
%in excess of \$30M to construct ISAC-II, which will raise the
%radioactive beam energies and the range of masses available so that a
%strong nuclear physics programme could be developed to complement the
%nuclear astrophysics effort at a ISAC.   Canadian groups must develop the
%experimental facilities which will be required to exploit ISAC-II on the
%time-scale compatible with the first delivery of beams in 2005. Three
%instruments have been identified: a versatile
%gamma array  known as TIGRESS (\$7M), a  large acceptance magnetic
%spectrometer (\$5M), and a versatile large solid-angle charged particle
%array (\$3M). It is expected that about 1/3 of this capital  funding will
%be provide by foreign partners based on the experience at ISAC.
%In developing its five year plan the community was unable to provide
%enough  resources to ensure that these instruments will be available at
%the start of  ISAC-II operation.   Considerable pressures were placed on
%the rest of the programme to find enough resources for TIGRESS over
%a 5 year period.  
 
\parheading{Support for Canadian SNO Physics Analysis}
%
Operating support for SNO has been given the highest priority in the
programme over the last four years, with overall funding slowly
increasing in a context where overall operating support has fallen by
approximately 15\%. This has allowed the group to 
commission the detector and deliver the first physics results.
However, operating support for the SNO university
groups had to be severely constrained, leading to significant stress on
both the senior and junior researchers.  This was partially recognized in
the LRP by recommending an increase of approximately \$250K over the next
few years.  However, no provision for
inflation nor growth in the Canadian effort was made.  Because the
Canadian groups have large  operational responsibilities at the SNO site,
their ability to focus on the analysis of the data and  extraction of the
large scientific potential of SNO has been compromised and their youngest
scientists have been unable to play leading roles in analysis activities
given the burden of detector operations at the Sudbury site.  At the same
time, four new Canadian scientists are joining the team (two at
Carleton and two at Queen's) who will provide the Canadian groups with a
capacity in data analysis comparable to  that available to their foreign
partners in the SNO collaboration. 

We therefore request additional support initially at \$120K per annum
growing to a \$315K by year four to account for inflation
in the salary and travel component of the  overall operating grants at a
rate of 2.5\% per annum. 

\parheading{Build an ATLAS Physics Analysis Effort}
%
The LRP allocates sufficient support for the ATLAS Canada
collaboration to discharge its obligations with regards
to the installation and commissioning of the parts of the detector
provided by Canada. The upcoming period will be very intense, 
demanding a significant presence at CERN.

The Canadian ATLAS team must also be involved in the Mock Data
Challenge effort now being implemented at CERN,  an important step in
developing and testing the data analysis strategy and tools in time for
initial data-taking in 2006. We request additional resources for the
Canadian ATLAS physics groups to support the development of their
simulation and data analysis teams during the period 2003-2006.  The core
of this effort will consist of 5.0 FTE professional  researchers working
closely with a team of ATLAS faculty members and students. This  core
team  will develop the GRID tools and the software
infrastructure necessary to support a credible analysis effort in Canada.
We expect that the capital investment in hardware
will be obtained via CFI and NSERC equipment competitions.  We therefore
request an increase in ATLAS operating support of \$360K to fund the
professional staff required to support this core effort.

%This analysis team is an essential part of the commitment that each
%national group in ATLAS is expected to make to the ATLAS computing
%effort. This also will represent the most valuable investment in a truly
%national  computing infrastructure which was identified as a high
%priority element in the  five year plan.We also envision that such an
%investment would have an large  impact beyond just the ATLAS experiment.
%( see the consequences and impact for  Canada section)

\subsection{Support of Particle Astrophysics} 
%
Many exciting scientific opportunities arise at the interface between
astronomy, particle, and nuclear physics.  We recognize the emergence of
an active new community in Canada committed to this exciting new area. 
We propose that GSC 19 be provided the necessary funding resources to
take responsibility for support of the particle astrophysics and nuclear
astrophysics research in Canada

GSC 19 currently supports several initiatives in the area
of particle astrophysics.  The solar neutrino measurement at SNO is
the highest profile Canadian activity. The SNO
collaboration is also part of the ongoing global supernovae watch,  will
be sensitive to details of the solar neutrino spectrum  as their data
set
grows, and is considering long range options beyond its current
scientific mandate,  such as measurements of lower energy neutrinos by
replacing the heavy water with a scintillator that enhances its
response.  The PICASSO project is focused on the detection of a puzzling
new form of ``dark matter,'' which appears to dominate the mass of the
universe.  Directly detecting this dark matter and understanding its
nature is one of the great challenges in astrophysics. The PICASSO group
has successfully developed a prototype of  a novel dark matter detector
and proposes to mount an internationally competitive  search for dark
matter candidates.  The expertise of SNO scientists in building large,
low background detectors has already proved to be an asset for the
PICASSO programme.   Furthermore, the SNO site represents an environment
with unique low radioactivity and cosmic-ray backgrounds for these future
investigations. 

GSC 19 also supports the STACEE group presently studying
high energy gamma rays with particle physics detector techniques.  This
group, consisting of researchers from McGill University and University of
Alberta, has proposed involvement in a next-generation gamma ray
experiment known as VERITAS, that has among its objectives a study of
supernovae remnants to determine whether they may be the source of
ultra-high energy gamma rays. Gamma rays with energies of multi-TeVs have
been observed and the mechanism for their production is a fascinating
mystery; an understanding may lie in the fundamental  interactions of
particles.
Furthermore, as mentioned above, both the nuclear physics community 
at ISAC and theorists are working on questions of astrophysical and 
cosmological interest.  
%Furthermore, the radioactive beams facility, ISAC, is opening
%a new  world of nuclear  physics motivated by questions of astrophysical
%importance.   Finally,  on the theoretical front, there is an explosion
of
%interest in  possibilities linking our understanding of the origins of
%the universe and its fundamental constituents, in the form of
%superstring cosmology.  

We now can identify the development of a strong Canadian nuclear and
particle astrophysics community.  This community is also being
strengthened through new hires:  Carleton has recently hired a Tier II 
CRC and
recruitments are underway at Queen's (2 FTE), McGill (1 FTE) and Alberta
(1 FTE).   Given this strong interest, the five-year plan gave high
priority to the development of three new particle and nuclear astrophysics
projects:  i) a next generation SNO experiment aimed at studying
lower-energy neutrinos through the use of liquid scintillator, ii) the
next phase of the PICASSO experiment that involves underground
installation of a prototype detector at SNO, and iii) the development of
the VERITAS experiment.  

The five-year plan was unable to identify operating funds for any of these
initiatives, and only identified a part of the capital funding for
PICASSO and VERITAS in the last years of the five-year plan.  We
therefore request operating support for the new investigators entering
this area.  This would require additional operating support of
\$330K.

\subsection{The strengthening of Subatomic Physics theory}
%
The development of the science associated with subatomic physics is 
critically dependent on the presence of a vibrant and active community 
of theorists in this field. 
This exists in Canada in the form of a theoretical community with
diverse interests and a record of scientific impact of an international
calibre. Furthermore, the future looks very exciting because we have
begun a period of significant renewal among theoretical faculty, with
new appointments at nearly all the institutions involved in subatomic
physics in a substantial way.
Several of the new appointments have been in superstring 
theory, 
greatly strengthening the Canadian role in this area of immense
international interest. Superstring theory 
links well to several 
of our high priorities, both theoretically and experimentally. These
include investigations of the
limitations of the Standard Model and its possible extensions, 
 nuclear and particle astrophysics, and cosmology.
%There has been a significant renewal among 
%the faculty involved in subatomic physics at nearly all universities.
 
In the last two years, 10 new theory appointments have been made and an 
additional
5 searches are currently in progress. 
These new 
appointments represent a turn over of 20\% of the population.
Taking retirements into account,
 the number of theorists in subatomic 
physics will have increased by at least 7
 over the 2001 population.  Additionally, 
the recently established Perimeter 
Institute will greatly enhance the profile of theoretical physics 
in Canada and provide new national opportunities for the exchange 
of ideas and collaboration amongst theorists. 
%In addition, discussions 
%about the establishment of a Canadian Institute for Theoretical Physics 
%(CITP) have started.

During the recent planning exercise, theorists identified their top 
priority as the enhancement of their research environment with the 
ability to hire top quality
research personnel at the postdoctoral level.
The Canadian theory community is directly competing with
researchers worldwide, in particular in the U.S., for a small pool of
extremely talented people. These people are choosing more
lucrative financial offers at academic institutions in other countries
or are moving into industry.
The development of a stimulating and productive atmosphere 
within a university group, including interactions between
experimentalists  and theorists, is vital and of particular importance to
the training  of highly qualified personnel. Increased resources are
necessary to bring Canada into a competitive position.

Research funds for the seven new appointees are needed.
This should include an estimated 10\% increase in the current contingent
of about 20 postdoctoral fellows.
 In addition, based on the need to compete in hiring excellent 
personnel, an overall  
increase in the funds available for theorists, at the 20\% 
level, is required. This increase would, as usual, be distributed 
through the stringent peer 
review process to the most deserving researchers. 
We request amounts of 
\$210K for new researchers and \$220K to raise the salaries
for research  personnel to a more
competitive level. 

In total we request an amount of \$430K to improve the research
environment  of subatomic physics theory in Canada. 

\subsection{Advanced Technology Development for Future Projects} 
%
New experiments in subatomic physics require development of new
advanced technologies in order to maximize the scientific
return of each major new initiative.  It is not uncommon fo
experiments to set as their quantitive goal an improvement in
sensitivity or precision by several orders of magnitude over previous
work.  Canadian subatomic physicists have developed such
advanced technologies at an internationally competitive level, resulting
in innovations such as the extremely sensitive
radioactivity assaying techniques (SNO), radiation-hard electronics for
high energy collider experiments (ATLAS collaborators using TRIUMF), 
novel x-ray detectors now being developed for medical imaging (gas
microstrip detectors being developed at Carleton), and gallium-arsenide
charge-couple devices developed for the Brookhaven Rare K Decay
experiments by TRIUMF.   Many of these have possible applications in
other areas.  Such R\&D is currently being supported by approximately
\$500K per annum to fund design, protoype development and testing, made
possible only through the last Reallocation exercies

Over the next five years, the five-year plan identified as high priority
the need to perform R\&D on i) tracking detectors for an NLC experiment
by researchers at Carleton, ii) NLC accelerator alignment techniques by
researchers at UBC and TRIUMF, iii) scaling up the PICASSO+ experiment to
a 1-ton detector through improvements in the sensitivity of 1 g
prototypes by investigators at University de Montreal, iv) new photon
tracking detectors for the KOPIO experiment by researchers at TRIUMF,
UBC and Alberta, and v) novel lead-scintallator calorimeter for a
next generation neutrino source by investigators at TRIUMF. 
We estimate these R\&D efforts will require approximately \$800K per year
over the next four years.  The five-year plan, however, was only able to
identify a total of \$300K in the ``status quo'' budget, already a
reduction of \$200K per annum in R\&D\ funding.  We therefore propose an
additional investment
\$500K per annum.  Without this infusion of additional R\&D support, the
long-term competitiveness of the Canadian programme will be compromised.

\section{The Effects of Reallocation}
\subsection{Consequences of No Reallocation Funding}
%
\label{sec: No reallocation}
The subatomic physics community has identified a prioritized programme,
focusing over the next five years on maximizing the scientific return
of SNO and ISAC, developing the Canadian contribution to the ATLAS effort
maintaining breadth by strategically supporting a
modest number of smaller projects, and selecting a small number of
longer-term projects for R\&D.  In the case where the reallocation
process ends up reducing the overall resources to the community, the LRP
identified a number of specific areas where cuts would have to be made:
\begin{itemize}
\item The next generation rare K decay experiment, KOPIO, would have to
be significantly curtailed.  This would be a severe blow, given Canada's
leadership in this ground-breaking experimental programme.
\item Instrumentation for ISAC II would have to be delayed, jeopardizing
our lead in the radioactive beam research frontier.
\item We would be unable to scale up the PICASSO experiment to make it
an internationally competitive project.  
\end{itemize}
By making these cuts, we would be avoiding explicit cuts in our highest
priority projects.  

The resources to provide the data processing and scientific
computation to analyze the current large data sets being gathered by
Canadian scientists will not be available.  This would effect
experiments such as E949, TWIST, CDF II, ZEUS and SNO, which depend
increasingly on Canadian data-processing capability.

However, we note that even in its ``status quo'' scenario, the LRP makes
no provision for inflation for our highest priority efforts.  This means
that  with the difficult decisions outlined above, the fields's
highest priority experiments, SNO, ISAC and ATLAS would suffer
significantly  as it would impair the ability of Canadian scientists to
continue to be leaders in these key areas.

The community's overall  ability to perform the essential R\&D for the
next generation experiments will be curtailed to the point of
jeopardizing the future of Canadian subatomic physics.
 The effect of such cuts would be even more profoundly felt in the
following five years as Canadian groups would not have been able to stay
in tune with  the new developments in the field.

There would be a further erosion in the  support for Canadian students
and postdocs working on Canadian experiments exacerbating even further our
ability to compete in the international context and 
 having an adverse effect on training of our students.
 
\subsection{Consequences of a Positive Reallocation Award}
%
The funding of our proposals would
support a world-class program in subatomic physics
anchored on the recent remarkable achievements of the small but
internationally competitive community. Canadian subatomic physics has
demonstrated its ability to deliver  on commitments made to the
international community with SNO, ISAC and ATLAS, at the same time
providing scientific leadership and innovation in a few smaller 
important initiatives selected for their potential scientific impact.
 
As we are completing a period of major capital investments the pressure
on  funding for subatomic physics in CANADA has shifted to its operational
costs. 
The most significant benefit provided by additional funding through the
reallocation process is  the increased ability of Canadian groups to
support the development of highly qualified personnel in an international
market.  The proposed increases in support will allow theoretical 
physicists to compete for the
very best postdoctoral fellows (many of whom are Canadians) who otherwise
would be attracted to research positions in other countries.  These
increases will also augment the scientific impact  of the experimental
groups by allowing the programme to properly staff the highest priority
projects.   The Canadian subatomic physics program is attractive in
terms of  the science it addresses but it needs more resources to remain
in the  league of the most developed nations that are investing
substantially  in this field.     

\subsection{The Importance of Subatomic Physics to CANADA}
%
The primary objective of subatomic physics research is the
intellectual pursuit of fundamental questions about our Universe, its
origin and development. As such, this field represents one of the great
challenges to Canadian  minds but it also links to other fields of 
research
where similar  experimental or theoretical techniques can be
applied. Thus it represents  an excellent training ground for problem
solving skills.  The subatomic physics record in the
development of highly-qualified personnel is particularly strong.  Over
the last five years, subatomic physics researchers supervised to
completion over 100 Ph.D. candidates, and currently have over 75 Ph.D.
candidates under supervision.  Over the same period, over 120
postdoctoral researchers were supervised.  These young people
predominantly enter the work force in academic or research positions in
not only subatomic physics, but disciplines ranging from oil-well
logging to financial modelling to large scale computation and networking.

As only one example of the impact of subatomic research on the health of 
Canadians, one can link the development of positron emission tomography, 
the imaging technology of choice for cancer management,  
to the technologies of isotope production (accelerators, targetry,
separators), multi-element  detector arrays (gamma ray cameras), data
acquisition, image reconstruction and analysis and simulation
techniques. These are
all techniques which originated in subatomic experiments over the last
several decades. Of course, the very discovery of the anti-matter partner
of the  electron in 1932 was the result of fundamental work by Nobel prize
winner  C.D.Anderson in a cosmic ray experiment.  There are many other
examples of this synergy in Canada, with a very visible example being the
development of the MDS Nordion isotope manufacturing facility adjacent to
TRIUMF.  

The demands of subatomic experiments on data
handling  techniques are fostering the development of new tools for
global computing  over the World Wide Web (itself arising out of particle
physics at CERN).   Several of our groups are involved in the GRID
computing development project.  While the economic and societal
impacts of this pursuit are open for speculation, Canada would be
notable in its absence in the development of such technologies.  In fact,
Canada's leadership in developing a fully optical network across the
country and the physical extent of the country make GRID technologies
particlarly attractive.
 
Working in large international collaborations
prepares students for the global economy in an internationally
competitive  environment.  Most groups are multinational in composition
and use management techniques akin to the industrial world. All our
programs are internationally  peer-reviewed and expose our students and
postdoctoral fellows to reporting, scheduling and decision making in a
global context.

A strong fundamental research program can and will have 
important feedback in other disciplines. It is because challenging our 
knowledge of the Universe is demanding the development of 
new sophisticated 
tools that such consequences are realized.

In the final analysis, however,  being involved at the leading edge of 
our field is what is  important for Canada.   

\end{document}



