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\begin{document}
\title{
DRAFT -- FOR DISCUSSION \\
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The Subatomic Physics (GSC 19) \\
Report for the 1998 NSERC Reallocations Exercise\\
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\author{GSC 19 Steering Committee:\\
P.K. Sinervo {\em (Chair)}, S.A. Page {\em (co-Chair)}, 
F.C. Khanna, M.C. Vetterli
}

\date{November 28, 1997}

\maketitle
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\section{A Vision of Subatomic Physics Research for Canada}

One of most important questions in basic science is that of the origin and
nature of the universe. Subatomic physics addresses this by examining the
universes most
fundamental constituents -- elementary particles and nuclei --
and seeking an understanding of the interactions between them. Despite
considerable advances, there still remain questions that elude consistent or
satisfactory answers.  These include such basic issues as the origin of mass,
the abundance of matter over anti-matter in the universe  and the details of
nuclear ``burning'' in stars that allow them to generate enormous amounts of
energy and to synthesize the heavy elements out of primordial hydrogen and
helium.

To address the fundamental questions in subatomic physics today and in the
future, Canadian researchers must successfully compete in the international
arena through collaborative experimental projects that often span a decade or
more at facilities in Canada and abroad.  Critical mass and multiyear funding
commitments for each research team are essential to the success of the Canadian
effort.   Perhaps more than any other NSERC-funded discipline, subatomic
physics must engage in a continuous process of long term  planning.  The
consensus that emerged from the most recent community-based planning exercise in
1995 was to focus the research programme   through the year 2000 and beyond on
three high priority initiatives, together with a number of key smaller
projects in nuclear and particle physics to maintain an appropriate balance.
Two of the top three priorities are based on new facilities under construction
in Canada; the third makes use of  national laboratory infrastructure to
assist in constructing both accelerator and detector components for
participation in the world's largest international collaborative effort in
particle physics at the high energy frontier.  \\

These three highest priorities are:

\begin{itemize}

\item{{\bf SNO:}} 
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), to begin data taking in
1998 in a deep underground site at INCO's Creighton mine, is a unique
experiment that capitalizes on Canada's large inventory of heavy water to act
as the detection medium for neutrinos. These weakly-interacting
fundamental particles are generated copiously in radioactive processes taking
place in stars. Data from SNO will shed light on fundamental properties of
neutrinos, which have far-reaching consequences for the fate of the universe, 
and on our understanding of energy generation in the sun.   
%
\item{{\bf ISAC:}}  
The Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC) facility under construction at
TRIUMF in Vancouver will  provide beams of a wide range of
radioactive nuclei in
unprecedented quantities.  ISAC is
ideally suited to carry out a broad range of
measurements of important nuclear reactions at astrophysical energies. Such a
``radioactive beams facility" has been identified in several  countries as a
high priority, but Canada's ISAC will be the first and most intense source of
many beams for experiments beginning in 1999-2000. Coupled to a high resolution
experimental  facility, ISAC's science programme   will be a world leader and is
attracting a significant number of foreign researchers to Canada. 
%
\item{{\bf ATLAS:}} 
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project, under construction at
CERN in Geneva, will generate the highest energy colliding beams ever produced
by mankind beginning in 2005. ATLAS is one
of two large, complementary  detectors under construction for the LHC that
have as their main goal the discovery of the ``Higgs boson'', which
provides the mechanism to generate the
masses of elementary particles.   The versatility of the
ATLAS detector will allow many other topics to be addressed, with great
discovery potential.   

\end{itemize}
\newpage

While the Canadian subatomic physics community focusses  its efforts in the
short- to medium-term future on these three large, high priority projects,
sufficient resources must also be provided to support a number of smaller,
strategically chosen projects where Canadians will have significant scientific
impact.  The experimental programme   is complemented by a very active and
renowned community of theoretical physicists who continue to develop the
theoretical foundations of the field, to shape the plans of future experiments
and to help interpret experimental data. This scientific diversity is necessary
for  Canada to continue to excel in the field of subatomic physics.

Subatomic physics in Canada is at a turning point.  Faced with a collision
course of the capital funding requirements for all three of its highest
priority initiatives in 1997, the GSC proposed a five-year spending plan (1997
- 2001) that has been approved by NSERC Council.  A necessary feature of the
spending plan is the short term sacrifice of operating support to existing
programme  elements in order to maximize the funds available for urgent capital
investments.  A more appropriate balance between operating and capital
expenditures must be restored in the intermediate term for the health of the
discipline in Canada, while the longer term future will be considered in a new
long range planning exercise to commence late in 1998.

An essential component of support for Canadian subatomic physics research is
the existence of at least one strong national laboratory, to provide a home
base for research and  world class technical infrastructure to facilitate
accelerator and detector construction for national and international projects. 
Following a multiyear process in which support to two federally funded
accelerator laboratories  -- SAL in Saskatoon (supported in part by NSERC) and
TASCC at Chalk River (supported by AECL) -- was phased out due to funding
pressures, the TRIUMF laboratory in Vancouver (funded through NRC) has emerged
with an expanded mandate as Canada's national facility for subatomic physics
research. While building ISAC for primarily nuclear physics investigations,
TRIUMF provides infrastructure support to all areas of  subatomic physics in
Canada, and plays a crucial role in the construction of both accelerator and
detector components for the CERN LHC and ATLAS physics programs.

This Reallocations Exercise presents a unique opportunity to optimize the NSERC
support to subatomic physics in the context of new emerging areas of research
to be pursued both in Canada and abroad.  The period 1999-2003 will see first
data extracted from the SNO detector in Sudbury, initial experiments performed
at ISAC in Vancouver, and the construction and installation of detector
components for ATLAS in Geneva.  Proposals for timely 
reallocation of NSERC funding to enhance the scientific impact of each
of these key Canadian research projects are described in section 4.


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%  Importance to Canada
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%  Initial version	01 Sep 96	MV
%  Edits 23 Oct 97 PKS
%  More hacking and hewing, 17 Nov 97, SAP based on Mike's version
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\section{Importance to Canada}

Canada has a long history of outstanding contributions to fundamental science
and must continue to support fields such as subatomic physics if it is to
maintain a strong intellectual capital base.   The severe competition for funding in
subatomic physics, together with rigorous, international peer review, guarantees that projects
supported by the GSC are at the very highest level of scientific excellence and
impact. The research performed at world-class Canadian laboratories such as
TRIUMF, SAL and Chalk River Laboratories (CRL/TASCC) has had an enormous impact
on our understanding of the behaviour of nuclear systems and the properties of
the weak and strong interactions that govern the behaviour of matter at very
short distance scales. Canada also has a significant impact abroad, where of
the five experiments in the particle physics programme   currently taking data,
Canadians have acted as spokespersons or deputy spokespersons for three and as
coordinators for the physics analyses of the other two.   These 
are reflected in
the words of the international assessors of the subatomic physics programme
undertaken by the joint CAP/NSERC Review of Physics\footnote{Summary of
Assessors Report on the Canadian Subatomic Physics Program, J. Deutsch et al.,
28 July 1997.} in 1997: {\em `Canadians can be justly proud of their
scientific results in subatomic physics and of the leadership roles they are
playing in several international endeavors.  The record of accomplishment by
Canadians, the strong established base, and the potential for important new
discoveries make the field an attractive one for further investment.'}

By providing high quality facilities in Canada where foreign scientists come
and do research and by making significant contributions abroad, the subatomic
physics community has enhanced Canada's reputation as a centre for intellectual
and technological innovation. Subatomic physics projects regularly push the
limits in such areas as electronics, computing, and superconducting magnet
design, with advances made for research applications in cooperation with
industry.  Companies that have developed new products in this manner go on to
sell them directly or to apply the new technology in other fields.  Many recent
examples are associated with Canada's contribution to the CERN LHC accelerator,
for which an agreement is in place to provide \$19M in high-tech components
through the year 2000.

One of the key considerations when assessing the importance to Canada of a
discipline is the people trained in it who go on to form the intellectual base
from which future innovation is born.  Subatomic physics provides students with
a broad education that includes not only the science itself but also
state-of-the-art electronics, instrumentation, computing, and other information
technologies.  The problem-solving skills that are provided by
training in subatomic
physics can be readily applied to address issues in other fields.
While 25\% of recent graduates have found academic positions in Canada or
abroad\footnote{Report of the NSERC/CAP Review of Physics: Subatomic
Physics, May 1997, available at http://cepheid.physics.utoronto.ca/Review/},
the majority are employed primarily in industrial positions
ranging from the high-tech to financial sectors.   A unique aspect of training
in subatomic physics is that by working in large international collaborations
under externally set deadlines and operating budgets, students gain 
experience in project coordination and  management that prepares them  to
compete effectively in a business environment where internationalization is
becoming the norm rather than the exception.

While subatomic physics research is unquestionably basic science,  there have
also been numerous technical spin-offs that have benefitted Canada.  For
example, Canada has become a world leader in the field of  positron emission
tomography (PET), a medical imaging technique that relies on short lived
radiopharmaceuticals and  fast gamma ray detectors.  This technique has opened
up a new window on {\it in vivo}\ studies of the physiology and metabolism of the
human brain, which cannot be accessed in any other way. In  cooperation with
EBCO technologies of Vancouver, TRIUMF has developed cyclotrons specifically
for radiopharmaceutical production that are now sold to  an international
market. TRIUMF is also building an accelerator-based system for the detection
of explosives and contraband at airports and other risk centres, with high
potential for commercialization.  There are numerous other examples of
similar technological impact spawned by the Canadian subatomic physics
programme.
                                                                          
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%  Edits 03/11/97 PKS
%  Major edits, 17 Nov 96, SAP
\section{The Canadian Subatomic Physics Programme}

The Canadian subatomic physics programme  is focussed on several key questions
concerning the Standard Model of elementary particle interactions and its
implications for the world in which we live.   In this model, the fundamental
constituents of matter  consist of six quarks (the lightest pair give rise
to atomic nuclei) and six leptons (the lightest of these are the electron and
its associated neutrino).
The unified electroweak and  strong interactions are described in
terms of the exchange of force carriers: the photon and intermediate
vector bosons for the
electroweak force, and  the gluon for the strong force.  This model forms the
basis for most theoretical and experimental work in subatomic 
physics.

Although it is consistent with experimental data, the Standard Model contains
almost two dozen parameters whose values are not predicted by the theory. 
There remain key questions about the fundamental properties of quarks and
leptons, the mechanism that gives rise to mass, and  the observed 
preponderance of matter over anti-matter in the universe.   Canadian
researchers have made significant contributions to our current understanding of
the Standard Model, its predictions, its limitations and searching for what
lies beyond.  Against this background, the Canadian subatomic physics community
has made three  complementary projects its highest priorities:  SNO, ISAC and
ATLAS.  These will form the core of the Canadian subatomic physics programme 
through the period of the 1998 Reallocation exercise and beyond, and are
balanced with a number of smaller projects based both in Canada and abroad.

\subsection{SNO}

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, under construction since 1990 in a deep
underground site at the Creighton nickel mine, is due to begin data taking in
1998. SNO is an international project with almost a third of its \$76M
construction and \$3M annual operating costs being funded by the U.S. and U.K. 
A team of 18 Canadian researchers\footnote{By convention, we count only
full-time-equivalent, NSERC grant-eligible researchers when quantifying the
size of the research groups in this report.} together with their graduate
students, postdoctoral research associates, and international collaborators,
will use  SNO to detect the neutrinos produced in nuclear reactions in the core
of the sun to attain an unparalleled glimpse into the fundamental processes
taking place there.  Previous measurements 
imply that the sun is only  producing about half of the expected number of
these weakly interacting particles. However, fundamental properties of the
neutrino  which have hitherto escaped detection, such as a finite mass, could
be responsible for the  discrepancy in the number of solar neutrinos detected
on earth. 

Because of its unique heavy water detection medium (a loan from AECL
valued at \$300M), SNO will be able to distinguish between neutrinos of
different types and energies, providing an unprecedented opportunity to solve
this solar neutrino ``problem'' and a chance to make fundamental discoveries
about the properties of neutrinos themselves. Results from SNO, with its unique
detection capabilities, are eagerly awaited by the international scientific
community.

\subsection{Nuclear Physics and ISAC}

Canada has a very strong nuclear and intermediate energy physics program, that
has traditionally been based at Canadian laboratories -- SAL, TASCC and TRIUMF 
-- carried out by approximately 60 NSERC funded researchers. The Saskatchewan
Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) in Saskatoon developed a unique and highly
successful physics programme  based on tagged photon beams produced with its
300 MeV continuous wave electron accelerator.   Researchers at SAL carry out
precision measurements of the electromagnetic structure and properties of
nucleons and light nuclei,  testing models of the strong interaction with
impressive accuracy.  Scientists at the Tandem Accelerator and SuperConducting
Cyclotron (TASCC) facility at CRL developed a world class scientific programme 
based on the wide range of   heavy ion beams available at TASCC.  Their
achievements include several discoveries that relate to the behaviour of
nuclei spinning at very high angular momentum, precision tests of the Standard
Model using nuclear beta decay, and development of techniques to perform
precision mass measurements of unstable nuclei. At the TRIUMF 500 MeV
cyclotron, researchers have made key contributions to our understanding 
of the weak and strong interactions,  including some very
important tests of the Standard Model with particle decays.  TRIUMF is widely
recognized for  its development of a very high intensity polarized ion source
that is unique in the world and for precision experiments using these beams. 
At a precursor to the ISAC facility,  Canadian scientists attracted world recognition
for their  determination of the reaction rate for carbon burning in so-called
`Red Giant' stars, which has important implications for stellar evolution.

Nuclear physics in Canada is undergoing a dramatic transition.   In 1995,
TRIUMF embarked on a new five-year programme   with an expanded mandate to
build the ISAC facility, maintain an excellent research programme  with the
existing cyclotron, serve  as a national infrastructure base for
subatomic physics,  coordinate a contribution to the CERN LHC accelerator
construction, and foster technology transfer to industry. In 1996, responding
to severe financial pressures and  acting on advice from a community-based
planning process, the GSC terminated its annual \$3M operating support of SAL
as of 1998\footnote{Interim  funding for SAL has been provided by the
University of Saskatchewan and the Western Economic Diversification fund, while
the laboratory awaits a federal decision on the Canadian Synchrotron Light
Source, proposed to be built at the SAL site.}. Citing financial pressures, 
AECL withdrew its \$7M annual operating  support of TASCC and closed the
laboratory  in 1997.  While a number of the researchers who formerly based
their programs at TASCC and SAL are now travelling to foreign facilities such
as Jefferson Laboratory (U.S.) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (U.S.)
to continue the work begun in Canada, a significant fraction are now shifting
their research  to ISAC  and TRIUMF.

The TRIUMF ISAC project  will make a major contribution to  our understanding
of  nuclear phenomena of importance to astrophysics and cosmology. Due to
deliver accelerated radioactive beams to experiments by the year 2000, this
facility will open up a completely new area of subatomic physics research by
delivering hitherto unavailable radioactive nuclei to a variety of target and
detection facilities for study.  ISAC's  nuclear astrophysics programme  will
focus on measurements of key nuclear reaction rates under conditions comparable
to those taking place in the core of the sun, which can be input to detailed
solar models to improve our understanding of its behaviour.  Precision tests of
the Standard Model are also planned, making use of a newly commissioned laser
atom trapping facility, which will take advantage of ISAC's ability to generate
specific radioactive beams tailored for sensitive experimental tests.

\subsection{High Energy Physics and ATLAS}

The Canadian high energy physics community of approximately 75 NSERC funded
researchers has an impressive track record of making key contributions to
multinational collaborative projects addressing some of the most important
questions in the field.  Most of these projects span over a decade from
inception to completion; planning exercises by the community and the GSC
have defined timescales for the evolution of support from existing projects to
ATLAS and other new initiatives, as described below.

The largest element of the current Canadian high energy physics programme  
is  the OPAL experiment at CERN. Canada has made very important contributions
to the OPAL detector beginning in the early 1980's and Canadians have
played major roles in the operation of
the experiment and analysis of the data -- important achievements include
very precise measurements of the masses and lifetimes of the weak force 
carriers and other particles,
and sensitive tests that confirm that at this energy scale the  quarks
and leptons are in fact a complete set of
fundamental constituents of matter. Two other  major elements of the present
programme  are concentrated at DESY (Germany), where the structure of the
proton is studied in unprecedented detail in electron-proton collisions at high
energy. Canada has provided critical components of the accelerator and
detection systems and Canadian research groups have played key roles
in two of the key experiments (ZEUS and HERMES), with Canadian scientists
being deputy spokespersons for both. 
A  Canadian group active at Fermilab in the
U.S.,  currently the world's highest energy accelerator, contributes to the CDF
experiment, with several Canadians playing leading roles in  the 1995 discovery
of the sixth and heaviest quark (``top''). A Canadian group also plays a
leading role in the search for the rare symmetry-violating kaon decay $K^+
\rightarrow \pi^+ \nu \bar{\nu}$, at Brookhaven National Laboratory in the
U.S.; the observation of the very first occurrence of this rare decay in 1997
should shed light on the puzzle regarding the matter-antimatter imbalance in
the universe.  Another Canadian group is assembling a large tracking detector
at TRIUMF, in  preparation for the BaBar experiment at the Stanford Linear
Accelerator Centre, which will study this important symmetry violation in
decays of particles containing ``bottom'' quarks.  From 2000-2005,
experiments in this programme actively taking data would include BaBar, ZEUS,
CDF and HERMES, with the remainder of the community's effort focussed on
preparations for work at the Large Hadron Collider or other new initiatives.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), currently under construction at CERN, will be
the world's highest energy accelerator  by almost an order of magnitude when it
is commissioned for experiments beginning in 2005. Canada's contribution to the
accelerator construction  has opened a window of opportunity for a substantial
Canadian participation in the LHC physics program. By identifying the debris
from very high energy particle collisions, the ATLAS detector may either
discover the Higgs boson, a new particle thought to be responsible for the
generation of mass in the Standard Model, or a host of  complementary new 
phenomena. The Canadian ATLAS groups have made key contributions to the design
of two important elements of the detector that will measure the energy
deposited by strongly interacting particles produced in the collisions,  as
well as to the development of electronics modules that will extract
the signals from these detector elements.  Canadians  will build parts of these
detectors and associated electronics with support from NSERC and TRIUMF.

\subsection{Subatomic Theory}

The research program in theoretical subatomic physics is rich and  diverse.
Canadians have made numerous outstanding contributions to the formal  aspects
of the theory as well as to phenomenological applications, where
theory calculations are reconciled with existing data.
Canadians have developed new techniques for solving the field
equations that govern elementary particle interactions, particularly in a 
treatment of the notoriously challenging strong force.
Applications to the study of the electroweak
interaction in nuclei have been particularly successful, complementing the
experimental programme.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%  Try to translate Faqir's stuff into layman's english!
%such as development of finite temperature field theory, heavy quark 
%effective theory and non-perturbative treatment using Ward-Takahashi 
%relations. The phenomenonlogical aspects range from quark model for 
%hadrons to study of many body nuclear systems that include important 
%medium effects in electroweak decays.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


\subsection{Funding of Subatomic Physics}

Subatomic physics research requires the use of large, custom-built detectors
and international facilities.  The size and complexity of the detectors make
them quite expensive -- for example, the ATLAS detector is  estimated to cost
$\sim\$$500M CDN, of which Canada's present commitment is only 2.4\%.
The GSC budget must  provide both
the construction capital for the Canadian share of the detectors and the operating
support for the participating scientists, including travel to international
facilities, cost of user fees, and the ability to adapt to foreign currency
fluctuations.  For these reasons, the cost per researcher to support subatomic
physics is relatively high in comparison to the average over all NSERC
disciplines, as detailed in Table 1.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
{\bf Table 1: NSERC Subatomic Physics Operating Awards 1997-98}\\
{\em(Excluding facility operations)}
\begin{tabular}[t]{|l|c|c|c|} \hline
{\bf Category} 	&  {\bf Total (M\$) } & {\bf FTE Researchers} & {\bf k\$/Researcher}  \\ \hline
%Capital	   &  2.6	& 		& \\ \hline
%MFA: SNO,SAL	&  4.2		& 		& 	 \\  \hline  \hline  
Theory		& 1.7		& 73		& 23 \\  \hline
Nuclear Physics & 2.8		& 57		& 49 \\ \hline
SNO  		& 1.4		& 18	        & 77\\ \hline
High Energy Physics &  6.5	& 75		& 87  \\  \hline \hline
TOTAL 		& 12.5		& 223		& 56	\\  \hline   \hline 
Other Disciplines   & 180		& 7300		& 25	\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}                                       
%
%
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
{\bf Table 2: Total Subatomic Physics Investment 1997-98}
\begin{tabular}[t]{|l|l|r|}    \hline	
{\bf Source} 	&  {\bf Application} & {\bf Total (M\$) } \\ \hline
NRC 		&  TRIUMF Operations			& 31 \\ \hline
NSERC		&  Facility operations (SNO, SAL)	& 4 \\ \hline
NSERC		&  Operations: Researchers	& 12.5 \\ \hline
NSERC		&  Equipment			  	& 3   \\ \hline	
Govt. of B.C.	&  ISAC	Construction			& 5 \\ \hline
W.E.D./U. of S. &  SAL interim funding			& 2 \\ \hline
Commercial revenues & TRIUMF 				& 1 \\ \hline
U.S. DOE	&  SNO operations			& 1 \\ \hline
Russia INR	&  TRIUMF experiment 614		& 0.5 \\ \hline \hline
TOTAL		&					& 60 \\ \hline 
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}                                       

NSERC support of subatomic physics has been administered via an envelope system
since 1991, placing all expenditures on operating, equipment and infrastructure
under the  purview of one GSC.  The subatomic physics  envelope was steady at
\$19.6M from 1991-95;  the effects of federal funding cuts to NSERC and the
first reallocations exercise have resulted in a steady decrease of the envelope
to \$17.3M in 1997. The funds in support of experimental work are usually
awarded in the form of  Project Grants, with a single three-year budget for
each experiment. In contrast, theoretical work is supported mainly in the form
of Individual Research Grants. A breakdown of  NSERC\footnote{Note that the
total NSERC investment in 1997-98 exceeds the defined envelope due to
reprofiling of major capital investments from 1997-2001, as explained  on page
2.} and non-NSERC funding contributions  to subatomic physics in 1997-98  is
shown in Table 2;  note that the total investment in subatomic physics is about
3 times the NSERC contribution, mostly  coming from other federal sources.

\section{Proposals for Funding}
%  ATLAS proposal %
\subsection{Canadian Contribution to ATLAS: \$1.25M Capital}

By the time the ATLAS experiment begins to take data in 2005, roughly half of
the Canadian high energy physicists are expected to be working on this project.
ATLAS is a very large, cylindrically  symmetric detector that will surround the
interaction region where the LHC's high energy proton beams will collide.
Canadian groups have made very important contributions to the design and
implementation of prototype detector modules for ATLAS  that will measure the
energy deposited by strongly interacting particles produced in the collisions
and to elements of the readout electronics for these devices. Their proposed
contribution to the liquid argon calorimeter system -- the so-called hadronic
endcap and forward calorimeters -- is crucial to identify the decay modes of
the Higgs boson, the discovery of which is a prime motivation for the LHC and 
ATLAS projects.

Despite the high scientific priority of ATLAS and very strong endorsements by
an international expert review panel, financial pressures drove the GSC to
award an capital budget for ATLAS that is only  sufficient to build  one half
of the proposed detector contributions, which were based on elements that had
been designed and prototyped in Canada. This is far less than the international
ATLAS collaboration was expecting, and  has caused severe problems for the
experiment as a whole. The shortfall is particularly severe in the case of the
forward calorimeter, since the Canadian team had  sole responsibility for this
device.  It is proposed that an additional \$1.25M capital contribution to
ATLAS be made from Reallocation funds, to build the missing second half of the
forward calorimeter. This represents a 10\% increase in the capital funds
awarded to ATLAS, but the corresponding increase in the scientific contribution
of the Canadian team to the experiment will be much higher. Even with this
increase in equipment funds, the total proposed Canadian contribution to ATLAS 
(\$13.45M) is modest in comparison to other participating countries -- for
example, the total US investment in the LHC physics programme   is more than
three times the proposed total NSERC investment on a per capita basis.
% 
%  Dragon contribution 
% 
\subsection{DRAGON -- Doing Science at ISAC: \$0.6M Capital} 
% 
While several complementary avenues of research will be pursued at ISAC, the
centrepiece will be the nuclear astrophysics programme, which will focus on
measurements of key nuclear reaction rates under conditions comparable to those
taking place in the core of the sun. The success of these experiments hinges on
a dedicated high resolution facility that will identify the
scientifically interesting reaction products interest amidst a huge background 
of unreacted beam particles
and other species.   The proposed facility for this purpose is DRAGON,  a
`Detector for Recoils and Gammas Of Nuclear reactions'.  It consists of a gas
target surrounded by an array of high-efficiency, very fast gamma ray
detectors, and followed by a high resolution electromagnetic spectrometer.  The
total estimated cost is almost \$3M.

The GSC was able to identify \$1.9M in equipment funds towards  DRAGON, 
allocated over the 3 year period 1998-2000.  Together with a \$0.5M
contribution from TRIUMF, this should be sufficient to construct the
electromagnetic spectrometer.  However, the gamma detector array is
urgently needed to increase  the resolution of the facility by three orders of
magnitude, which would  open up a new window for the study of low reaction rate
processes. Because of the severely constrained financial situation, the GSC was
not able to earmark the funds needed to provide the gamma array,
postponing its construction until the year
2002 at the earliest.

The DRAGON proposal was evaluated by two expert international review panels 
assembled by TRIUMF in July 1997 and NSERC in December 1997, and it  
received strong endorsements from these
review panels and from the TRIUMF Experiments Evaluation Committee.  The
capabilities of a fully instrumented DRAGON would enable Canadian scientists
at ISAC to be world leaders in the field of nuclear astrophysics research.  
Additional equipment funds of \$0.6M from the Reallocations Exercise are
requested to complete this important new facility on a timescale that is
commensurate with the availability of radioactive beams at ISAC beginning in
2000.

%  New, small initiatives
%
\subsection{Funding of New Initiatives in Subatomic Physics: \$0.2M/year}
%
Typical subatomic physics projects span over a decade in time from inception to
final data analysis.   The initial phases of a project often involve a
significant amount of new instrumentation development.  A  mechanism is clearly
needed to support both those projects that are well underway and those that are
considered ``new initiatives''.    Severe financial pressures in recent years
have driven the GSC to reluctantly scale back its allocation of R\&D funding to
detector development and smaller new initiatives.  Only \$50K was awarded in
this category in the last competition, leaving over 10 excellent proposals
completely  unfunded. This unfortunate situation urgently needs to be addressed
for the long term health of the discipline in Canada. Excellent candidates for
such funding arise at every grants competition.  In the words of the CAP/NSERC
Review of Physics Assessors' Report,\footnote{Assessors Report on the Canadian
Subatomic Physics Program, J. Deutsch et al., 5 June 1997, p. 2} {\em`... As
the ongoing programs cannot be further cut without wasting intellectual and
material investments, this requires a modest but significant increase of the
subatomic physics envelope.'} It is proposed that Reallocation funds be
earmarked for support of detector development and smaller new initiatives in
subatomic physics, at the level of \$0.2M per year.  

\subsection{Additional Operating Support:  \$0.5M/year} 
The subatomic physics community in Canada entered the first year of the
previous Reallocation cycle with 213 funded researchers\footnote{NSERC  Staff
Report: Discipline Dynamics, 1997, Table A1.} in the 1995-96 competition. Since
that time, the number of researchers has remained stable but the funds
available to support their operations decreased by 11\%   over the same period
-- from \$14M to \$12.5M --  despite the GSC's attempt to free up resources by
phasing out its support of the SAL facility.  The fixed  envelope funding
system implies that  operating budgets have to be severely curtailed  whenever
a major capital investment is undertaken; even with a five year financial plan,
the need to make major capital investments in SNO, ISAC and ATLAS
simultaneously has led to major cutbacks in operating support to even the top
researchers in the field over the past few years.  This situation has been
particularly harsh on young researchers (10 new individuals since 1995) who have
entered the discipline seeking funds to initiate new projects or to enhance the
scope of existing projects, which would normally come out of operating funds.
Since it has lacked the resources to support  new applicants adequately, even
though many of them are young people who show great promise for outstanding
research careers, the GSC has reluctantly left the new experimentalists to join
existing projects without increasing the corresponding Project Grant budgets; 
new applicants in theory are generally funded below the average levels.  This
situation urgently needs to be addressed by a modest increase of operating
support to the GSC at the level of \$0.5M per year. 
% 
\subsection{Consequences of No Reallocation Funding} 

The consequences of not receiving an increase in the subatomic physics envelope
due to Reallocation, i.e. of retaining a constant envelope at the 1997-8 level
of \$17.3M for the next four year cycle, are clear. The maximum impact of the
ISAC science programme  will be delayed beyond 2002 because it will not be
possible to fully instrument its premier research tool, the DRAGON facility,
before that time even though beams will be available two years earlier. The
Canadian contribution to the ATLAS detector will remain disproportionately
small. The GSC cannot continue to underfund promising young researchers who
enter the field as new applicants, nor can it postpone R\&D work and smaller
new initiatives indefinitely.  Since major capital commitments have already
been made for the next 5 years,  operating funds to ongoing projects and
established research teams will have to be sacrificed further to correct these
imbalances.

The consequences of the maximum possible decrease in the subatomic physics 
envelope as an outcome of this Reallocations Exercise would be particularly
severe.  Since major capital commitments have already been made to
international projects, most of the shortfall (70\%) would have to come out of
operating funds with the remainder absorbed by delaying equipment purchases for
ISAC.  The latter would severely hamper the development of the science program
at a premier new facility that represents a substantial investment of federal
and provincial construction funds.  It would also be necessary to reduce
operating funds to  facilities  -- cuts to SNO would be particularly damaging
just as the detector begins to acquire data after a lengthy construction
period, and would likely trigger a proportional reduction in the US
contribution to site operations.  This would have very damaging implications
for Canada's ability to act as a partner in international scientific
collaborations.  It is difficult to forsee that a healthy Canadian subatomic
physics research community could be maintained at   the present size by the end
of the second Reallocations cycle in the event of a maximum possible decrease
to the GSC envelope.

\section{Concluding Remarks}

The proposals for new funds discussed above have been carefully selected to
optimize the scientific impact of NSERC expenditures in subatomic physics and
to help ensure the long term competitiveness of the Canadian research program
in this discipline.  The pressures on the subatomic physics envelope in recent
years have been extraordinary, and the requests presented here are relatively
modest:  with funding for these four proposals, the subatomic physics
envelope in 2002-3 will still be \$1M smaller than it was in 1994-5. 
Considering the size and scope of the overall effort and investment in this
field by Canada, of which NSERC contributes roughly 30\%, the modest additional
investment requested here will generate a high scientific return and is worthy
of support from the Reallocations Exercise.

\end{document}

