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\title{
SECOND DRAFT \\
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The Subatomic Physics (GSC 19) \\
Report for the 1998 NSERC Reallocations Exercise\\
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\author{GSC 19 Steering Committee:\\
P.K. Sinervo {\em (Chair)}, S.A. Page {\em (co-Chair)}, 
F.C. Khanna, M.C. Vetterli
}


\maketitle
\newpage 


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\section{A Vision of Subatomic Physics Research for Canada} \vspace{-0.25cm}

% Lean, mean, punchy version, circa 2 am PDT, Dec 10th

Subatomic physics researchers are engaged in a quest to discover the
most elementary constituents of matter, to understand their properties
and the mechanisms by which they interact.  These issues are amongst
the most fundamental intellectual challenges facing mankind, with
profound implications about the world in which we live, ranging from
the origin to the ultimate fate of the universe. The field is vibrant
and exciting, attracting some of the brightest young Canadian
scientists.

To address the fundamental questions in subatomic physics today and in
the future, Canadian researchers actively participate in international
collaborative projects that often span a decade or more at facilities
in Canada and abroad.  Given the size and time-scale of these
projects, subatomic physicists regularly engage in a process of long
term planning to optimize resources.  The consensus that emerged from
the most recent community-based planning exercise in
1995\footnote{Report of the NSERC Advisory Committee for Subatomic
Physics; chair, B.~Fenton, Nov.'95, henceforth referred to as the
Fenton report.} was to focus the research programme through the year
2000 and beyond on three high priority initiatives. Two of these are
based on new facilities under construction in Canada; the third is a
partnership in the world's largest particle physics project at the
high energy frontier.  Complemented by a selection of smaller
experiments in nuclear and particle physics and a vigorous programme
of theoretical research, these initiatives will form the Canadian
subatomic physics programme through the period of the 1998
Reallocations Exercise and beyond.  The three highest priority
initiatives are: \vspace{-0.25cm}

\begin{itemize}

\item{{\bf SNO:}} The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) will offer
Canadian researchers an unparalleled view into the processes taking
place in the sun because of its unique sensitivity to all types of
neutrinos.\footnote{Neutrinos are almost undetectable particles
thought to be massless, which are produced prodigiously in the
sun.}  SNO will also shed light on fundamental properties of these
elusive particles, and may determine whether they have a non-zero mass.
Massive neutrinos would have profound cosmological implications, such
as whether the universe will continue to expand or eventually collapse
back on itself.  \vspace{-0.25cm}

\item{{\bf ISAC:}} The Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC)
facility under construction at TRIUMF will provide beams of a wide
range of radioactive nuclei in unprecedented quantities.  Experimenters
at ISAC will measure nuclear reaction rates under conditions
comparable to the cores of stars and supernovae.  This information
is required to fully understand the creation of the heavy elements in
the universe, without which the formation of planets and the existence
of life as we know it would not be possible. \vspace{-0.25cm}

\item{{\bf ATLAS:}} The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will
generate the highest energy colliding beams ever produced by mankind.
Canadians working on the ATLAS experiment at the LHC will explore a
wealth of new physics at this high energy frontier.  The central goal
of this experiment is to discover the mechanism that gives rise to the
masses of elementary particles. In addition, ATLAS will provide our best chance
of finding out what lies beyond our current model of subatomic phenomena,
the Standard Model. \vspace{-0.25cm}

\end{itemize}

Faced with a collision course of the capital funding requirements for
all three of its highest priority initiatives in 1997, the GSC
proposed a five-year spending plan (1997 - 2001) that has been
approved by NSERC Council.  A necessary feature of the spending plan
is the short term sacrifice of operating support to existing programme
elements in order to maximize the funds available for the most urgent
capital investments.  Restoring a more appropriate balance between
operating and capital expenditures as soon as possible is necessary
to allow Canadian physicists to successfully complete the existing
science projects and prepare for the next generation of experiments.

An essential component of support for Canadian subatomic physics
research is the existence of a strong national laboratory to provide a
home base for scientists and world class technical infrastructure.  In
1995, the TRIUMF laboratory in Vancouver was given an expanded mandate
as Canada's national facility for subatomic physics research.  ISAC is
the flagship of the TRIUMF in-house science programme.  The laboratory
also provides infrastructure support to all areas of subatomic physics
in Canada. It plays a crucial role in the construction of accelerator
and detector components for the CERN LHC and ATLAS physics programmes,
as well as the large central detector for the BaBar project at the
Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC).  Furthermore, TRIUMF fosters many
inter-disciplinary collaborations, with strong programmes in condensed
matter physics and medical applications of subatomic physics 
techniques.

%This Reallocations Exercise presents a unique opportunity to optimize
%the NSERC support to subatomic physics in the context of new emerging
%areas of research to be pursued both in Canada and abroad.  The period
%1999-2003 will see data extracted from the SNO detector in Sudbury,
%initial experiments performed at ISAC in Vancouver, and the
%construction and installation of detector components for ATLAS in
%Geneva.  

The next 3-4 years will see past investments by NSERC come to fruition
with several experiments completing the data taking phase.  The
subatomic physics community has identified three high priority
initiatives to take it into the next century.  This Reallocations
Exercise presents an opportunity for NSERC to maximize the impact of
Canadian subatomic physics by optimizing support for these projects as
well as restoring the community's ability to respond to new emerging
areas of research.  Proposals for timely reallocation of NSERC funding
to achieve these goals are described in section 4. \vspace{-0.5cm}

%
%  Importance to Canada
%
%	redraft following Nov 28 version - SAP
%  
\section{Importance to Canada} \vspace{-0.25cm}

Canada must continue to support fundamental science if it is to
maintain a strong intellectual capital base.  Basic research in
subatomic physics performed at Canadian laboratories such as TRIUMF,
the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) and Chalk River
Laboratories (CRL/TASCC) has had a major impact on our understanding
of nuclear systems and the properties of the forces that govern the
behaviour of matter at very short distance scales. Canada also has a
leading role abroad, where of the five experiments in the 
particle physics programme currently taking data, Canadians have acted
as spokespersons or deputy spokespersons\footnote{The spokesperson
and deputy are responsible for all aspects of a
project, including coordination of the construction of the experiment,
data taking, and analysis of the results.} for three and as
coordinators for the physics analyses of the other two.  These
achievements were summarized in the report of the international
assessors of the subatomic physics programme undertaken by the joint
CAP/NSERC Review of Physics\footnote{Summary of Assessors Report on
the Canadian Subatomic Physics Program, J. Deutsch et al., 28 July
1997.} in 1997: {\em `Canadians can be justly proud of their
scientific results in subatomic physics and of the leadership roles
they are playing in several international endeavors.  The record of
accomplishment by Canadians, the strong established base, and the
potential for important new discoveries make the field an attractive
one for further investment.'}

By providing high quality facilities in Canada where foreign
scientists come and do research and by making significant
contributions abroad, the subatomic physics community has enhanced
Canada's reputation as a centre for intellectual and technological
innovation. Subatomic physics projects regularly push the limits in
such areas as high speed electronics, advanced computing, and
superconducting magnet design, with advances made in cooperation with
industry.  Companies that have developed new products go on to sell
them directly or apply the new technology in other fields.  Many
recent examples are associated with Canada's contribution to the CERN
LHC accelerator, for which an agreement is in place to provide \$19M
in high-tech components through the year 2000.\footnote{Review of
Canadian Academic Physics: Economic Impact Study; Paul S. Vincett, November,
1997.}
At the international level, subatomic physicists are responsible for
innovations such as the World-Wide-Web and ion beam implantation to
name but two of many revolutionary technologies.

The existence of major centres for subatomic research in Canada has
led to development of new research tools for other disciplines. The
award of the 1994 Nobel prize to B. Brockhouse for work in neutron
scattering at Chalk River Laboratories highlights the importance of
this fundamental nuclear physics technique to condensed matter
physics.  At TRIUMF, researchers in condensed matter physics and
chemistry use the muon spin rotation or `$\mu$SR' technique to study
magnetic properties of materials including high temperature
superconductors.  A proposal to build the Canadian Synchrotron Light
Source in Saskatoon, which will provide x-ray beams for condensed matter
physics and materials analysis, is an outgrowth of the development of
a high energy electron accelerator for nuclear physics research at SAL.

Among the most important resources provided by a discipline are highly
trained personnel who go on to form the intellectual base from which
future innovation is born.  Subatomic physics provides students with a
broad education that includes not only the science itself but also
state-of-the-art electronics, instrumentation, computing, and other
information technologies.  The mix of problem-solving skills and
fluency in technology provided by training in subatomic physics can be
readily applied to address issues in many other fields.  A unique
aspect of training in subatomic physics results from working in large
international collaborations under externally set deadlines and
operating budgets.  Students and post-doctoral fellows gain experience
in project coordination and management that prepares them to compete
effectively in a business environment where internationalization is
becoming the norm rather than the exception.  Recent studies have
shown that people trained in subatomic physics are much in demand over
a broad range of endeavors.\footnote{NSERC Report on Highly Qualified
Personnel, May 1997.} While 25\% of recent graduates have found
academic positions in Canada or abroad\footnote{Report of the
NSERC/CAP Review of Physics: Subatomic Physics, May 1997, available at
http://cepheid.physics.utoronto.ca/Review/}, the majority are employed
in industrial positions ranging from the high-tech to financial
sectors.

There have been numerous technical spin-offs from subatomic physics
that have benefitted Canada.  For example, Canada has become a world
leader in research on positron emission tomography (PET), a medical
imaging technique that relies on short lived radiopharmaceuticals and
fast gamma ray detectors.  This technique has opened up a new window
on {\it in vivo}\ studies of the physiology and metabolism of the
human brain, which cannot be accessed in other ways. In cooperation
with EBCO technologies of Vancouver, TRIUMF has developed cyclotrons
specifically for radiopharmaceutical production that are now sold to
an international market. In collaboration with Grumman, TRIUMF is 
building an accelerator-based system for the detection of explosives
and contraband at airports and other risk centres, with high potential
for commercialization.  There are numerous other examples of similar
technological impact spawned by the Canadian subatomic physics
programme (see $^5$ on p.2). \vspace{-0.5cm}

%
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\section{The Canadian Subatomic Physics Programme} \vspace{-0.25cm}

The Canadian subatomic physics programme is focussed on several key
questions concerning the Standard Model of elementary particle
interactions. The Standard Model unifies the known forces of nature by
recognizing them as different aspects of a single primordial force.
The key to this unification is a basic symmetry of space-time known as
gauge symmetry.  From this simple but profound idea, it follows that
the four known forces have acquired different strengths and properties
due to a symmetry breaking process that occurred during the cooling
down of the universe immediately after the big bang.  This mechanism
is also responsible for generating the masses of elementary particles
in the Standard Model, a prediction that will be rigorously tested by
the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider.

There is a large body of experimental evidence verifying many
predictions of the Standard Model.  It is known that the elementary
constituents of matter consist of particles of two distinct families
known as quarks and leptons.  The quarks and leptons interact by
exchanging field particles -- photons, vector bosons and gluons for
the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions respectively. A
total of six distinct members of each particle family are needed to
describe all known forms of matter. However, there still remain
questions about how the fundamental properties of quarks and leptons
arise, about the mechanism that gives rise to mass, and about how the
observed preponderance of matter over anti-matter in the universe was
established.  Many details of the way in which the quarks arrange
themselves to account for the structure of protons, neutrons and
atomic nuclei also remain to be quantitatively understood.  Driven by
a desire to address these fundamental questions, Canadian subatomic
physicists have developed a focussed research programme which is
described in the following sections. \vspace{-0.5cm}

\subsection{SNO} \vspace{-0.25cm}

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, under construction since 1990 in a
deep underground site at the Creighton nickel mine, passed a major
milestone in November 1997 with the completion of the main detector
vessel.  SNO is a unique Canadian project with strong international
participation.  Canada has provided in excess of two thirds of the
\$76M construction cost, the rest coming from the US and the UK.  A
team of 18 Canadian researchers\footnote{By convention, we count only
full-time-equivalent, NSERC grant-eligible researchers when
quantifying the size of the research groups in this report.} together
with their graduate students, postdoctoral research associates, and
international collaborators, will use SNO to study the neutrinos
produced in nuclear reactions in the core of the sun, beginning in
1998.  Because of the unique sensitivity of its heavy water detection
medium (a loan from AECL valued at \$300M), SNO will be able to detect
neutrinos of different types and measure their energies.  Previous
measurements imply that the sun is only producing about half of the
expected number of neutrinos. However, fundamental neutrino properties
which have hitherto escaped detection, such as a finite mass, could be
responsible for the discrepancy in the number of solar neutrinos
detected on earth.  The discovery of a finite neutrino mass would be
revolutionary; the abundance of neutrinos in the universe leads to
profound cosmological implications of such a
discovery. \vspace{-0.5cm}

\subsection{Nuclear Physics and ISAC} \vspace{-0.25cm}

Canada has a strong nuclear and intermediate energy physics programme
that has traditionally been based at Canadian laboratories -- SAL,
TASCC and TRIUMF -- carried out by approximately 60 NSERC funded
researchers.  Researchers at SAL achieved world recognition for
precise measurements of the electromagnetic structure of nucleons
and light nuclei.  Scientists using TASCC at Chalk River Laboratories
are widely recognized for discoveries in the field of nuclei spinning
at very high angular momentum, for precise tests of the Standard
Model using nuclear beta decays, and for developing techniques to
measure nuclear masses to high precision.

At the TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron, researchers have focussed on
experiments that test our understanding of the weak and strong
interactions.  These include experiments carried out with proton beams
as well as with beams of short lived particles - pions and muons -
produced by protons colliding with specialized production
targets. Researchers have carried out sensitive tests of the weak
interaction's properties via high precision measurements of muon
decays\footnote{A major new effort in this field, E614, was initiated
this year with support from NSERC, TRIUMF, and international
partners. This experiment is designed to measure the muon decay
spectrum to an order of magnitude higher precision, and will provide a
sensitive test of possible extensions to the Standard Model.}  and of
pion and muon interactions with nuclei.  TRIUMF is widely recognized
for its development of a very high intensity polarized ion source that
is unique in the world and for precision symmetry tests of the strong
and weak interactions using these beams.  At a precursor to the ISAC
facility, Canadian scientists attracted world recognition for their
determination of the reaction rate for carbon burning in `Red Giant'
stars, which has improved our understanding of how stars evolve to
this stage.

Nuclear physics in Canada is undergoing a dramatic transition.  In
1995, TRIUMF embarked on a new five-year plan with a mandate to build
the ISAC facility, maintain an excellent research programme with the
existing cyclotron, serve as a national infrastructure base for
subatomic physics, coordinate Canada's contribution to the CERN LHC,
and foster technology transfer to industry. In 1996, acting on the
advice of the Fenton report, the GSC terminated its annual \$3M
operating support of SAL as of 1998.
%
%\footnote{Interim  funding for SAL has been provided
%by the University of Saskatchewan and the Western Economic Diversification
%fund, while the laboratory awaits a federal decision on the Canadian
%Synchrotron Light Source, proposed to be built at the SAL site.}. 
%
Citing financial pressures, AECL withdrew its \$7M annual operating
support of TASCC and closed the laboratory in 1997.  The majority of
the researchers who formerly based their programmes at SAL and TASCC
have now shifted their research emphasis to TRIUMF, the US, and
Europe.

%While the majority of the researchers who formerly based their
%programs at TASCC and SAL are now travelling to foreign facilities to
%perform experiments, a number are now shifting their research emphasis
%to the new programmes at ISAC and TRIUMF.

The TRIUMF ISAC project will make a major contribution to our
understanding of nuclear phenomena of importance to astrophysics and
cosmology. This facility will open up a completely new area of
subatomic physics research by delivering beams of hitherto unavailable
radioactive nuclei to a variety of target and detection facilities for
study by the year 2000.  The centrepiece of ISAC's science will be
measurements of nuclear reaction rates under conditions comparable to
those taking place in novae and supernovae. These explosive events are
thought to be the origin of heavy elements in the universe, but models
of how they are created can only be tested with new data of the type
that ISAC can provide.  TRINAT, a world-class laser atom trapping
facility, will take advantage of ISAC's ability to generate
specific radioactive beams tailored for sensitive experimental
tests of the Standard Model. \vspace*{-0.5cm}

\subsection{High Energy Physics and ATLAS} \vspace{-0.25cm}

The Canadian high energy physics community of approximately 75 NSERC
funded researchers is making important contributions to multinational
collaborative projects addressing some of the most fundamental
questions in the field.  The largest element of the current high
energy physics programme is the OPAL experiment at the LEP collider at
CERN. Canada contributed several components of the OPAL detector
beginning in the early 1980's, including the innermost tracking
detector.  Canadians continue to play a leading role in the operation
of the experiment and analysis of the data. Notable achievements
include precise measurements of the masses and lifetimes of the weak
force carriers and other particles.  These have confirmed that the
`three generations' of known quarks and leptons appear to be a
complete set of fundamental constituents of matter.  CERN has recently
upgraded the energy and intensity of LEP to extend the physics reach
of its experimental programme and plans to run this facility through
the year 1999 and possibly 2000.  Support for OPAL is planned through
this phase, with a rampdown of the Canadian involvement to follow.

Two Canadian groups are performing experiments at the DESY laboratory
in Germany, where they are studying the structure of protons and
neutrons.  With NSERC funding, these groups provided detection systems
for the ZEUS and HERMES experiments and operate them during data
taking (8-9 months per year).  Canadian scientists have assumed
leadership roles through being appointed the Deputy Spokesman in both
cases.  The ZEUS experiment has access to the highest energy
electron-proton collisions ever achieved.  This gives researchers
insight into the structure of the proton down to very small distance
scales (10$^{-19}$m).  The unique features of the HERMES experiment
are allowing physicists to isolate the contributions by specific
classes of quarks to one of the fundamental properties of protons and
neutrons, their spin.  The HERA accelerator will operate through 2005
with data taking for ZEUS planned through this period.  The spin
physics programme at HERMES is expected to be finished by 2001.

A Canadian group is active in the CDF collaboration at Fermilab in the
U.S., currently the world's highest energy particle accelerator. A
Canadian played a leading role in the 1995 discovery of the sixth
quark (``top''), coordinating the analysis effort to search for this
heaviest member of the quark family.  A Canadian group also plays a
leading role in measurements of rare K-meson decays at Brookhaven
National Laboratory (U.S.).  The 1997 discovery of the decay $K^+
\rightarrow \pi^+ \nu \bar{\nu}$, the rarest particle decay ever seen,
is one part of the puzzle of why matter dominates over antimatter in
the universe.  Another Canadian group is assembling a large tracking
detector at TRIUMF, in preparation for the BaBar experiment at the
SLAC, which will further elucidate the reasons for this
matter-antimatter imbalance by studying decays of particles containing
``bottom'' quarks\footnote{BaBar was not originally included in the
1995 long range plan due to funding constraints and the need to focus
on SNO, ISAC and ATLAS. However, the 1996 GSC found the physics case
for this project to be so compelling that it recommended participation
in BaBar but with significantly reduced scope; effective participation
was made possible by infrastructure support from TRIUMF.}.

Canada's contribution through TRIUMF to the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC), currently under construction at CERN, has opened a window of
opportunity for a substantial Canadian participation in the LHC
physics programme. By identifying the debris from very high energy
particle collisions, scientists using the ATLAS detector will either
discover the Higgs boson, a new particle thought to be responsible for
the generation of mass in the Standard Model, or a host of
complementary phenomena indicating new physics beyond the Standard
Model.  The Canadian ATLAS group is making key contributions to the
design, prototyping and construction of elements of the detector,
called calorimeters, that will measure the energy deposited by
strongly interacting particles produced in high energy collisions at
the LHC. This includes the development of electronics modules that
will read out the signals from these detector elements.
\vspace{-0.5cm}

\subsection{Subatomic Theory} \vspace{-0.25cm}

Canadian subatomic theorists have developed a programme that is rich
and diverse, focussing on applications of the Standard Model and its
extensions. A major challenge is the application of the Standard Model
to the strong interaction, where calculational techniques must be
developed to apply the basic theory formulated at the quark level to
describe the complicated bound states that make up ordinary
matter such as protons and neutrons. This work has been extended to 
apply to very hot and dense nuclear matter.  The discovery of this new state of 
matter, the ``quark-gluon plasma,'' is the goal of a new experimental programme.

Canadians have developed mathematical models that are used to predict
properties of strongly interacting particles.  These have been used to
understand the properties of subatomic particles which contain the
heaviest quarks.  This ``Heavy Quark Effective Theory'' is the most
successful description of the behaviour of these systems.

Canadians are also at the forefront of research into theories that
extend the Standard Model.  Phenomenological applications of the
Standard Model and extensions in the weak and strong interaction
sectors have had an important influence on shaping future experiments
such as searches for new particles and forces at high energy
colliders. \vspace{-0.5cm}

\subsection{Funding of Subatomic Physics} \vspace{-0.25cm}

NSERC support of subatomic physics has been administered via an
envelope system since 1991, placing all expenditures on operating,
equipment and infrastructure under the purview of one GSC.  The
subatomic physics envelope was steady at \$19.6M from 1991-95; the
effects of federal funding cuts to NSERC and the first Reallocations
Exercise resulted in a steady decrease of the envelope to \$17.3M in
1997. The impact of these budget cuts on the subatomic physics
programme has been severe, as discussed in section 4.  In the 1997
grants competition, the ratio of funds awarded to funds requested was
55\%; 58 out of 92 applications received support at some level.

Subatomic physics research requires the use of large, custom-built
detectors and international facilities.  The GSC budget must provide
both the construction capital for the Canadian share of the detectors
and the operating support for the participating scientists, including
a substantial budget for travel to and subsistence at international
facilities.  For these reasons, the cost per researcher to support
experimental work in subatomic physics is relatively high in
comparison to other disciplines.  Excluding equipment expenditures and
the direct cost of operating facilities via MFA grants to SAL and SNO,
the average operating award in subatomic physics was \$71k per
experimentalist and \$23k per theorist in the 1997-8 grants
competition. The funds in support of experimental work are usually
awarded in the form of 3-year Project Grants, with a common budget for
each experiment.  In contrast, theoretical work is supported mainly by
Individual Research Grants.

The total investment in Canadian subatomic physics research is
approximately \$60M in 1997-8.  Approximately one third of this is
provided by NSERC through the subatomic physics envelope; one half
consists of federal support to operate TRIUMF, administered through
the National Research Council, and the remainder is made up of smaller
contributions from other federal and provincial sources, plus U.S. and
U.K. contributions to the operation of SNO.
\vspace{-0.5cm}

%       Mike's version, late Tuesday night
%
\section{Proposals for Funding} \vspace{-0.25cm}


The large cut to the subatomic physics envelope (19\% since 1995) has
made it extremely difficult for the GSC to adequately support the
vigorous research program that currently exists.  Both experimental
and theoretical work have been affected.  Theory represents 10\% of
the envelope and has suffered cuts proportional to the rest of the
programme.  The GSC has largely followed the Fenton plan, reducing our
commitment to current experiments to make room for new projects.  This
course of action has not come without a price.
%
%The funding available to
%Canadian researchers is now significantly lower than that of most of their
%counterparts in economically advanced countries, placing them at a disadvantage
%with respect to the international collaborations in which they work.  
%
NSERC support to a major Canadian research facility (SAL) has been
terminated.  Canadian groups have been forced to scale back on time
spent at laboratories operating the equipment that they designed,
built and installed with NSERC support.  They have been unable to
contribute to the upgrading of this equipment leaving their foreign
partners to assume this responsibility.  They have been forced to
significantly reduce their contributions to the training of highly
qualified personnel. This situation has jeopardized the scientific
return on major NSERC investments in subatomic physics.  Several
promising young researchers have recently left Canada for faculty
positions elsewhere, citing inadequacy of research support as a major
factor in their decisions to leave.\footnote{These include
D.B. MacFarlane (McGill), recipient of the 1993 Herzberg Award, and
G.~Savard (CRNL) who was instrumental in the development of the
Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer.}  The subatomic physics
envelope requires a 20\% increase to return to a healthy situation.
The following sections detail several proposals of the `Type 1'
category for operating and capital support all of which have high
priority. \vspace{-0.5cm}

\subsection{Support of the GSC's Five Year Plan:  \$1.2M per 
year} \vspace{-0.25cm}

The subatomic physics GSC will contribute 6.8\% of its current \$17.3M
budget envelope to the Reallocations Exercise, corresponding to \$1.2M
per year, phased in over a 4 year cycle. The extraordinary financial
pressures noted above led the GSC to propose a 5 year spending
plan\footnote{Report on the 1997 Grant Competition: Awards, Policy
Matters, and a Five Year Spending Plan for Subatomic Physics, NSERC
Subatomic Physics GSC, April 22, 1997} which assumes a constant budget
envelope of \$17.3M, with a spending profile of \$19.3M, \$17.7M,
\$17.9M, \$17.1M, \$14.5M from 1997-2001.  The higher spending levels
in the first 3 years are necessary to permit Canadians to provide
their capital contributions to SNO, ISAC and ATLAS on timescales that
are driven by the development of international facilities and research
partnerships.  NSERC Council, recognizing the strong scientific
arguments made by the GSC and the sound financial planning that had
been undertaken, approved a loan of just over \$3M to subatomic
physics to allow the implementation of this 5 year plan.  {\bf In
support of the 5 year plan for subatomic physics, we request as our
highest priority that there be no cut to the current envelope of
\$17.3M per year.  This corresponds to a contribution of \$1.2M per
year from the Reallocations Exercise.} \\
~~\\
\noindent
\framebox[7in]{\parbox{6.5in}{
\begin{center}
{\bf Consequences of No Reallocations Funding} \\
\end{center}
\vspace{-0.4cm}
The consequences of further cuts to the subatomic physics envelope
from the current level of \$17.3M, would be very severe.  As noted in
the GSC's 1997 Contingency Report\footnote{Contingency Provisions in
the Five Year Spending Plan for Subatomic Physics, S.A.~Page, chair
GSC-19, May '97.}, most of the shortfall would have to come out of
operating funds further eroding Canadian participation in projects
which they helped build.  Some projects would likely fall below
``critical mass'', forcing the GSC to prematurely withdraw support
altogether.  The remainder of the funding cuts would be absorbed by
delaying equipment purchases for ISAC. This would seriously delay the
science program at a premier new facility that represents a
substantial investment of federal and provincial construction funds.
It would be necessary to reduce operating funds to SNO, which would be
particularly harmful just as the detector begins to acquire data, and
would likely trigger a proportional reduction in the US contribution
to site operations.  This would have damaging implications for
Canada's ability to act as a partner in international scientific
collaborations. All development projects and new
initiatives would have to be suspended for several years. \\
\vspace{0.1cm}}}
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%\subsubsection{Consequences of No Reallocations Funding} \vspace{-0.25cm}
%
%The consequences of further cuts to the subatomic physics envelope
%from the current level of \$17.3M, would be very severe.  As noted in
%the GSC's 1997 Contingency Report\footnote{Contingency Provisions in
%the Five Year Spending Plan for Subatomic Physics, S.A.~Page, chair
%GSC-19, May '97.}, most of the shortfall would have to come out of
%operating funds further eroding Canadian participation in projects
%which they helped build.  Some projects would likely fall below
%``critical mass'', forcing the GSC to prematurely withdraw support
%altogether.  The remainder of the funding cuts would be absorbed by
%delaying equipment purchases for ISAC. This would seriously delay the
%science program at a premier new facility that represents a
%substantial investment of federal and provincial construction funds.
%It would be necessary to reduce operating funds to SNO, which would be
%particularly harmful just as the detector begins to acquire data, and
%would likely trigger a proportional reduction in the US contribution
%to site operations.  This would have damaging implications for
%Canada's ability to act as a partner in international scientific
%collaborations. Obviously, all development projects and new
%initiatives would be suspended for several years. \vspace{-0.5cm}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%  New, small initiatives
%
\subsection{R\&D and Smaller New Initiatives: \$0.6M per 
year} \vspace{-0.25cm}
%

Physicists working on the early stages of a subatomic physics
experiment require a substantial amount of new instrumentation
development and feasibility studies before a full proposal can be
submitted and subjected to an expert review.  Since funds awarded in
the form of Project Research Grants cannot be transferred from one
project to another, these developments are only possible with
separate, targeted grants.  In recent years, such an allocation of
R\&D funding to detector development and smaller new initiatives has
been severely scaled back due to lack of funds.  The GSC's 5 year
spending plan provides no relief for this situation.

Very strong candidates for this type of support have arisen at every
recent grants competition.  Some examples include R\&D into sensitive
new detectors that could be used in the low background site at SNO to
detect supernovae and search for dark matter candidates; feasibility
studies towards a possible high intensity muon source and other new
initiatives that will be part of the next TRIUMF Five-Year plan;
detector development for a new rare kaon decay experiment building on
the achievements of the Canadian group with experiment 787; an
experiment to measure parity violation in electron scattering (G0)
building on the expertise gained in a related experiment at TRIUMF.
%
%development of a precision laser alignment and tracking system for the
%CDFII detector (also relevant to ATLAS), and development of
%experimental proposals for the new Japanese Hadron Facility.
%
Without support to prepare these experiments, exciting opportunities
will be lost to the Canadian community.  At least a small number of
new projects should be supported through the R\&D phase to develop
full proposals, which could then be considered for major investment in the next
long range planning exercise.
However, without additional targetted funds,
development of the future experimental programme will be severely
curtailed.  In the words of
the CAP/NSERC Review of Physics Assessors' Report,\footnote{Assessors
Report on the Canadian Subatomic Physics Program, J. Deutsch et al., 5
June 1997, p. 2} {\em`... As the ongoing programs cannot be further
cut without wasting intellectual and material investments, this
requires a modest but significant increase of the subatomic physics
envelope.'}  In 1997, R\&D and small project requests amounted to
\$1.4M, with only \$100k awarded by the GSC leaving over 10 excellent
proposals completely unfunded.
{\bf It is proposed that \$0.6M per year be awarded for support of
R\&D to develop the next generation of experiments.  This will bring
the success rate of grant requests in this category to a more
appropriate 50\%.} \vspace{-0.3cm}

\subsection{Strengthening of Operating Support: \$1.4M per 
year} \vspace{-0.25cm}

The subatomic physics community in Canada entered the first year of
the previous Reallocations cycle with 229 funded
researchers\footnote{A. Isabelle, NSERC, Private Communication.  Note
that the NSERC Staff Report, {\em Research Grants Program: Discipline
Dynamics}, October 1997, does not list all grant holders funded from
the subatomic physics envelope.}  in the 1995-96 competition. Since
that time, the number of researchers has remained stable.  However,
the funds available to support their operations have decreased by 11\%
from \$14M to \$12.5M.  The GSC had to plan an additional 10\%  reduction
in operating support to implement its 5 year budget plan.  This difficult
situation is
particularly harsh for young researchers.  Since 1995, 13 new
individuals have entered the discipline seeking funds to initiate new
projects or to enhance the scope of existing projects, which would
normally be supported out of operating funds.  It has not been
possible to properly support the new applicants, many of whom are
young people showing great promise for outstanding research careers.
The experimentalists have been forced to join existing projects
without increasing the corresponding Project Grant grants, while the
new theorists are generally funded below average levels.  The decrease
in operating funds from \$14M to \$11.25M urgently needs to be
addressed.  {\bf We request \$1.4M per year from the Reallocations
Exercise, half the projected shortfall in operating funds.} \vspace{-0.3cm}

%  ATLAS proposal %
\subsection{Canadian Contribution to ATLAS: \$1.5M 
Capital} \vspace{-0.25cm}

ATLAS is the highest priority project for the future of the Canadian
high energy physics community.  By the time ATLAS begins taking data,
it is expected that half of this community will be working on this
project. The main goal of ATLAS is to detect the Higgs particle, which
is postulated to give rise to the origin of the mass of particles in
the Standard Model. Canadian development of two important detector
elements, the liquid argon hadronic endcap (HCAL) and forward hadronic
calorimeters (FCAL), and of elements of the associated readout
electronics, are innovative and have made a major impact on the design
of the ATLAS experiment.
        
%In 1996, TRIUMF signed an agreement with CERN to provide a
%contribution valued at \$30M to the LHC accelerator construction.
%
NSERC signed an Interim Memorandum of Understanding with CERN in 1996,
signifying Canada's intention to make a contribution to the ATLAS
detector commensurate with the size of the Canadian group, subject to
availability of funds.  
%
%This implied an intended contribution of approximately 3\% to ATLAS,
%or about \$14M in equipment funding. \footnote{{\em Report on the 1997
%Grants Competition: Awards, Policy Matters, and a Five Year Spending
%Plan for Subatomic Physics}, S.A. Page {\em(Chair)}, April 25, 1997;
%available at Pekka's web site.}
%
In 1997, the GSC strongly endorsed the conclusions of an international
expert review committee that a Major Installation award of \$15.4M to
construct the calorimeters described above would be an appropriate
match to the technical leadership, capability, and relative size of
the Canadian ATLAS group.  The GSC was only able to award \$12.2M for
the construction of one half of the necessary HCAL and FCAL detectors,
with a proportionally reduced contribution to the readout electronics.
%This shortfall has created serious difficulties
%for the international ATLAS collaboration, which has not been able to
%find an alternate source of funding for the other half of this
%detector package in the 9 months since the GSC decision was made
%public.
The Reallocations process by itself can allow only a partial solution
to the ATLAS funding dilemma. The discovery of the Higgs particle is 
a major milestone for particle physics.  The forward calorimeter is
crucial to detect the Higgs via selected decay modes, especially if
the Higgs particle is relatively heavy.  It will not be possible to
detect these decays unambiguously without the forward calorimeter. 
{\bf It is proposed that an additional \$1.5M contribution to
the ATLAS detector be supplied from Reallocations funds, which is
necessary to build the second half of the forward calorimeter
(\$1.25M) and to proportionally increase the Canadian contribution to
the readout electronics for this device (\$0.25M).} \vspace{-0.3cm}

%  Dragon contribution 
% 
\subsection{DRAGON -- Centre Stage at ISAC: \$0.6M 
Capital} \vspace{-0.25cm}
% 

The nuclear astrophysics programme, which will focus on measurements
of nuclear reaction rates under conditions comparable to those in
stars and supernovae, will occupy centre stage at ISAC.  The success of this
programme hinges on a dedicated facility that will identify the
interesting reaction products amidst a very large background of
unreacted beam particles.  The proposed facility for this purpose is
DRAGON, a `Detector for Recoils and Gammas Of Nuclear reactions'.  It
consists of a gas target surrounded by an array of high-efficiency,
very fast gamma ray detectors, and followed by a high resolution
electromagnetic spectrometer.  The total estimated cost is almost
\$3M.

The DRAGON proposal received strong endorsements from three
independent expert review panels in 1997. In its five year financial
plan, the GSC was able to identify \$1.9M in equipment funds towards
DRAGON, allocated from 1998-2000.  Together with a \$0.5M contribution
from TRIUMF, this will support construction of the electromagnetic
spectrometer.  However, the GSC was not able to allocate funds to
provide the gamma array until 2002 at the earliest. This gamma
detector array is needed to increase the background rejection in
DRAGON by a factor of 1000, opening a new window for the
study of low reaction rate processes.  In particular, a reaction on
one of the oxygen isotopes ($^{15}$O($\alpha,\gamma$)) is a branching
point in the development of stars.  Data on this reaction are eagerly
awaited but will not be accessible until the gamma array is
operational.  
%
%The capabilities of a fully instrumented DRAGON, taking advantage of
%the anticipated high intensity of radioactive beams to be available at
%ISAC, would enable Canadian scientists to be world leaders in the
%field of nuclear astrophysics research.
%
{\bf Additional equipment funds of \$0.6M are requested to complete
this important new facility on a timescale that is commensurate with
the availability of radioactive beams at ISAC beginning in 
2000.} \vspace{-0.3cm}

\section{Concluding Remarks} \vspace{-0.25cm}

The proposals for new funds discussed above have been carefully
selected to optimize the scientific impact of NSERC expenditures in
subatomic physics and to help ensure the long term excellence of the
Canadian research program in this discipline.  The pressures on the
subatomic physics envelope in recent years have been extraordinary.
Many difficult decisions have been made to close facilities and wind
down Canada's involvement in experiments before the full scientific
return could be achieved.  Even with funding for all of the proposals
put forth in this document, the subatomic physics envelope in 2002-3
will be smaller than it was in 1994-5.  Considering the demonstrated
excellence of the Canadian research programme, and the size and scope
of the overall effort and investment in this field by Canada (of which
NSERC contributes roughly 30\%), the additional investment requested
here will generate a high scientific return and is worthy of support
from the Reallocations Exercise.

\end{document}
