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\title{
THIRD DRAFT \\
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The Subatomic Physics (GSC 19) Submission\\
for the 1998 NSERC Reallocations Exercise\\
~~\\
~~\\
~~\\}

\author{GSC 19 Steering Committee:\\
P.K. Sinervo {\em (Chair)}, S.A. Page {\em (co-Chair)}, 
F.C. Khanna, M.C. Vetterli
}


\maketitle
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\section{A Vision of Subatomic Physics Research for Canada} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

Subatomic physicists are searching for the
elementary constituents of matter and an understanding of 
the mechanisms by which they interact.  These 
fundamental intellectual challenges have
profound implications for the world in which we live, ranging from
the origin to the ultimate fate of the universe. This field is vibrant
and exciting, attracting some of Canada's brightest young 
scientists.

Researchers based at Canadian universities and national laboratories
participate in international collaborations that address the
fundamental questions in subatomic physics, in experiments
that often span a decade or more. 
Given the scope of these
projects, subatomic physicists engage in a process of long
range planning to maximize their scientific impact.  
The consensus of the most recent community-based planning exercise in
1995\footnote{{\it Report of the NSERC Advisory Committee for Subatomic
Physics}, B.~Fenton et al., November 1995, henceforth referred to as the
Fenton report.} was to focus through the year
2000 on three high priority initiatives. Two of these are
based on new facilities under construction in Canada; the third is a
partnership in the world's largest particle physics project at the
high energy frontier.  Complemented by a selection of ongoing
experiments in nuclear and particle physics and a vigorous program
of theoretical research, these initiatives will form the Canadian
subatomic physics program through the period of the 1998
Reallocations Exercise.  The three highest priority
initiatives are SNO, ISAC and ATLAS: \vspace{-0.25cm}

\begin{itemize}

\item{{\bf SNO:}} The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) will offer
Canadian researchers an unparalleled view into the processes taking
place in the sun because of its unique sensitivity to all types of
neutrinos.\footnote{Neutrinos are almost undetectable particles
thought to be massless that are produced prodigiously in the
sun.}  SNO will also shed light on fundamental properties of these
elusive particles, and may determine whether they have a non-zero mass.
Massive neutrinos would have profound cosmological implications--for
example, they
could determine whether our universe will continue to expand or eventually 
collapse back on itself.  

\vspace{-0.25cm}
\item{{\bf ISAC:}} The Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC)
at TRIUMF will provide beams of radioactive nuclei in unprecedented 
quantities.  Experimenters
at ISAC will measure nuclear reaction rates under conditions
comparable to the cores of stars and supernovae.  These data are
required to fully understand the creation of the heavy elements in
our universe, without which the formation of planets and the existence
of life as we know it would not be possible. 

\vspace{-0.25cm}
\item{{\bf ATLAS:}} The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will
generate world's highest energy particle collisions.
Canadians working on the ATLAS experiment at the LHC will explore a
wealth of new physics at this high energy frontier.  The central goal
of this experiment is to discover how the 
masses of elementary particles arise. ATLAS provides our best chance
at uncovering what lies beyond our current theory of subatomic phenomena,
the Standard Model. \vspace{-0.25cm}

\end{itemize}

Faced with a financial crisis due to unexpectedly large
equipment funding requirements for
all three of its highest priority initiatives in 1997, GSC 19
developed a five-year spending plan (1997 - 2001). 
% This plan, based on the Fenton report recommendations, addresses
% the actual equipment requirements for these projects. 
A necessary feature of the spending plan, based on the Fenton report
recommendations and approved by NSERC Council,
is the short term sacrifice of operating support to ongoing experiments
in order to obtain funding for the most urgent
equipment investments.  It is particularly important to restore a
more appropriate balance between
operating and equipment expenditures as soon as possible.
This will allow Canadian physicists to successfully complete the existing
science projects, presently at the fields cutting edge,
and prepare for the next generation of experiments.

The TRIUMF laboratory in Vancouver plays an essential role in this scientific
program.  In 1995, TRIUMF was given an expanded mandate
as Canada's national facility for subatomic physics research, with ISAC becoming
the flagship of the TRIUMF in-house science program.  The laboratory
also provides infrastructure support to all areas of subatomic
physics research
in Canada. It plays a crucial role in the construction of accelerator
and detector components for the CERN LHC and ATLAS detector.
Furthermore, TRIUMF fosters many
inter-disciplinary collaborations, with strong programs in condensed
matter physics and medical applications of subatomic physics 
techniques.

The next four years will see past NSERC investments in subatomic
physics come to fruition
with several experiments completing their data taking phase.  The
subatomic physics community has identified three high priority
initiatives to take it into the next century.  This Reallocations
Exercise presents an opportunity to maximize the impact of
the Canadian scientists by adequately supporting these projects and by
restoring the community's ability to respond to newly emerging
areas of research and discovery.
%
%  Importance to Canada
%  
\section{Importance to Canada} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

Canada must continue to support all fields of fundamental science if it is to
maintain a strong intellectual capital base.  Basic research 
performed at Canadian laboratories such as TRIUMF,
the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) and Chalk River
Laboratories (CRL/TASCC) has had a major impact on our understanding
of nuclear systems and the forces that govern the
behaviour of matter at very short distance scales. Canada also has a
leading role abroad, where of the five experiments in the 
particle physics program currently taking data, Canadians have acted
as spokespersons or deputy spokespersons\footnote{The spokesperson
and deputy are responsible for all aspects of a
project, including coordination of the construction of the experiment,
data taking, and analysis of the results.} for three and as
coordinators for the physics analyses of the other two.  These
achievements were summarized in the report of the international
assessors of the subatomic physics program undertaken by the joint
CAP/NSERC Review of Physics\footnote{{\it Summary of Assessors Report on
the Canadian Subatomic Physics Program}, J. Deutsch et al., 28 July
1997.} in 1997: {\em ``Canadians can be justly proud of their
scientific results in subatomic physics and of the leadership roles
they are playing in several international endeavors.  The record of
accomplishment by Canadians, the strong established base, and the
potential for important new discoveries make the field an attractive
one for further investment.''}

By providing high quality facilities in Canada where foreign
scientists come to collaborate with Canadians and by making significant
scientific contributions at foreign facilities, the subatomic physics community 
has enhanced
Canada's reputation for intellectual and technological
innovation. Subatomic physics projects regularly push the limits of
our knowledge in
such areas as high speed electronics, advanced computing, and
superconducting magnet design, with developments often made in cooperation with
industry.  Companies that have developed new products often
apply the new technology in other fields.  Many
recent examples are associated with Canada's contribution to the CERN
LHC accelerator, consisting of \$19M
in high-tech components provided through the year 2000.\footnote{{\it
Review of
Canadian Academic Physics: Economic Impact Study,} Paul S. Vincett, 
9 November 1997.}
At the international level, subatomic physicists are responsible for
innovations such as the World Wide Web and ion beam implantation to
name but two of many revolutionary technologies.

The existence of major centres for subatomic research in Canada has
led to development of new research tools for other disciplines. The
award of the 1994 Nobel prize to B. Brockhouse for work in neutron
scattering at CRL highlights the importance of
this fundamental nuclear physics technique to condensed matter
physics.  At TRIUMF, researchers in condensed matter physics and
chemistry use the muon spin rotation or ``$\mu$SR'' technique to study
magnetic properties of materials such as high temperature
superconductors.  A proposal to build the Canadian Light
Source in Saskatoon, which will provide x-ray beams for condensed matter
physics, chemistry, and biology, is an outgrowth of 
the development of
a high energy electron accelerator for nuclear physics research at SAL.

Among the most important resources provided by a discipline are highly
trained personnel who go on to form the intellectual base from which
future innovation is born.  Subatomic physics provides students with a
broad education that includes not only the science but also
state-of-the-art electronics, instrumentation, computing, and other
information technologies.  The mix of problem-solving skills and
fluency in technology provided by this training is
readily applied to many other fields.  A unique
aspect of training in subatomic physics results from working in large
international collaborations under externally set deadlines and
operating budgets.  Students and postdoctoral researchers gain experience
in project coordination and management that prepares them to compete
effectively in a business environment where internationalization has
become the norm rather than the exception.  Recent studies have
shown that people trained in subatomic physics are much in demand over
a broad range of endeavors.\footnote{{\it Highly Qualified
Personnel}, NSERC report, May 1997.} While 25\% of recent graduates have found
academic positions in Canada or abroad,\footnote{
{\it The Status and Future of Canadian Subatomic Physics: 
NSERC/CAP Review of Physics}, 14 May 1997, available at
http://cepheid.physics.utoronto.ca/Review/.}\ the majority are employed
in industrial positions ranging from the high-tech to financial
sectors.
 
Canada has benefitted from
numerous technical spin-offs from subatomic physics research.
For example, Canada has become a world
leader in research on positron emission tomography (PET), a medical
imaging technique that relies on short lived radiopharmaceuticals and
fast gamma ray detectors.  This technique has opened up a new window
on {\it in vivo}\ studies of the physiology and metabolism of the
human brain. 
TRIUMF has developed cyclotrons
for radiopharmaceutical production, in partnership with EBCO
Technologies, that are now sold to
an international market. TRIUMF is also collaborating with Grumman
Corp. to
build an accelerator-based system for the detection of explosives
and contraband at airports and other risk centres, with high potential
for commercialization.  
The subatomic physics group at the University of Regina, in collaboration with 
the U.S. Jefferson
Lab and the Saskatchewan Research Council, has developed improved
instrumentation for detectors widely used in medical and subatomic
physics research. 
There are many other examples of similar
technological impact spawned by the Canadian subatomic physics
program.$^{5,7}$

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\section{The Canadian Subatomic Physics Program} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

Canadian subatomic physics research is focussed on several important
questions regarding how our world works at its most microscopic level.
Many of these are phrased in the language of the
Standard Model of elementary particle
interactions, which considers the known forces of nature 
as different aspects of a single primordial force.
The key to this ``unification'' is a basic symmetry of space-time known as
gauge symmetry.  From this simple but profound idea, it follows that
the four known forces acquired different strengths and properties
due to a symmetry-breaking process that occurred during the expansion
of our universe immediately after the big bang.  This mechanism
is also responsible for the masses of elementary particles,
a prediction that will be rigorously tested by
the ATLAS experiment.

There is a large body of experimental evidence verifying many
predictions of the Standard Model.  We know that the elementary
constituents of matter consist of particles of two distinct families
known as quarks and leptons.  The quarks and leptons interact by
exchanging field particles -- photons, vector bosons and gluons for
the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, respectively. A
total of six distinct members of each particle family,
arranged in three ``generations,'' are needed to
describe all known forms of matter.  One of the great successes of
this theory is the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces
into a single ``electroweak'' interaction.

Despite the many successes of the Standard Model, there remain many
questions about the fundamental properties of quarks and leptons,
about the mechanism that gives rise to mass, and about how the
observed preponderance of matter over anti-matter in the universe was
established.  Details of the manner in which the quarks arrange
themselves into protons and neutrons, and the way protons and neutrons
form atomic nuclei remain to be quantitatively understood.  Driven by
a desire to address these and other questions, Canadian subatomic
physicists have developed a focussed research program, described in
the following subsections, that takes
advantage of the intellectual and technical strengths of Canadian
scientists.

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\subsection{SNO} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}
%
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, under construction in a
deep underground site at the Creighton nickel mine, passed a major
milestone in November 1997 with the completion of the main detector
vessel.  This puts the team of 18 
Canadian researchers,\footnote{By convention, we count only
full-time-equivalent, NSERC grant-eligible researchers when
quantifying the size of the research groups in this submission.} together
with their graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and
international collaborators on track to begin observations in 1998 of
the neutrinos produced in nuclear reactions in the core of the sun.

SNO is a unique Canadian project with strong international
participation.  Canada has provided two thirds of the
\$76M construction cost (the rest coming from U.S. and U.K.
funding agencies) and GSC 19 provides over \$3M in annual operating
support.  
Because of the unique sensitivity of its heavy water detection
medium (a loan from AECL valued at \$300M), SNO will be able to detect
neutrinos of different types and measure their energies.  Previous
measurements imply that the sun is only producing about half of the
expected number of neutrinos. However, fundamental neutrino properties
which have hitherto escaped detection, such as a finite mass, could be
responsible for the discrepancy in the number of solar neutrinos
detected on earth.  The discovery of a finite neutrino mass would be
revolutionary; the abundance of neutrinos in the universe leads to
profound cosmological implications of such a discovery. 

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\subsection{Nuclear Physics and ISAC} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

Canada has a strong nuclear and intermediate energy physics program
that has traditionally been based at Canadian laboratories -- SAL,
TASCC and TRIUMF -- carried out by approximately 60~NSERC funded
researchers.  Researchers at SAL are widely recognized for
precise measurements of the electromagnetic structure of nucleons
and light nuclei.  Scientists using the TASCC facility at CRL
achieved world recognition for their discoveries concerning the structure
of nuclei spinning at very high angular momentum, for precise measurements
of the electroweak force using nuclear beta decays, and for developing
techniques to measure nuclear masses to high precision.

Researchers use the
TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron to perform
experiments that test our understanding of the electroweak and strong
interactions.  These include experiments carried out with proton beams
as well as with beams of short lived particles - pions and muons -
produced by protons colliding with production targets. 
The pion physics program focusses on measurements of the
elementary pion-pion and pion-nucleus interactions.  By employing
a theory based on the Standard Model with the ability to predict these low 
energy phenomena, these measurements are powerful tests of 
our knowledge of the strong force.
TRIUMF scientists have assembled an international team that is
preparing to measure the muon decay spectrum with a
precision ten times better than any previous study, searching for
small effects in the electroweak force that could lead to the discovery of a
new type of force.
TRIUMF physicists are also widely recognized for
developing a very high intensity polarized ion source that
is unique in the world.  They have used this source for precision symmetry 
tests of the strong and electroweak interactions.  At a precursor to the ISAC
facility, Canadian scientists attracted world recognition for their
determination of the reaction rate for the conversion of carbon
into oxygen in red giant
stars, a key step in stellar evolution. 

Nuclear physics in Canada is undergoing a dramatic restructuring to
ensure that the scientific priorities are addressed as the science and
facilities evolve.
In 1995, TRIUMF embarked on a new five-year plan with a mandate to build
ISAC, maintain an excellent in-house research program, 
serve as a national infrastructure base for
subatomic physics, coordinate Canada's contribution to the LHC,
and foster technology transfer to industry. In 1996, acting on the
advice of the Fenton report, GSC 19 terminated its annual \$3M
operating support of SAL over three years, and subsequently took steps to 
redirect the focus of the nuclear research program.
Citing financial pressures, AECL withdrew its \$7M annual operating
support of TASCC and closed the laboratory in 1997.  The majority of
the researchers who formerly based their programs at SAL and TASCC
are now collaborating on experiments at TRIUMF and at facilities in
the U.S. and Europe.

The TRIUMF ISAC project will open up a completely new area of
research by delivering beams of hitherto unavailable
radioactive nuclei to a variety of target and detection facilities by
the year 2000.
The centrepiece of ISAC's science will be
measurements of nuclear reaction rates under conditions comparable to
those found in novae and supernovae. These explosive events are
thought to be the origin of heavy elements in the universe, but only a
facility like ISAC will provide the data needed to 
fully understand their creation.
Canadian scientists are planning to feed specific radioactive beams into
a new world-class laser atom trapping
facility, known as TRINAT, which employs the same laser trapping and
cooling technologies that were recognized with the award of
the 1997 Nobel prize in physics.
These experiments will measure the properties of 
very short-lived nuclei and improve our knowledge of the electroweak
interaction in ways that are complementary to the particle physics
experiments.  ISAC also provides condensed matter physicists with a
unique tool to probe the structure of materials in ways that are
complementary to the $\mu$SR techniques that have been developed at
TRIUMF.

\vspace*{-0.5cm}
\subsection{High Energy Physics and ATLAS} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

The Canadian particle physics community of approximately 75 
NSERC-funded researchers is making important contributions to multinational
collaborative projects addressing some of the most fundamental
questions in the field.  The largest element of the current 
program is the OPAL experiment at the electron-positron LEP collider at
CERN. Canada contributed several components of the OPAL detector
beginning in the early 1980's, including the innermost tracking
detector.  Canadians continue to play a leading role in the operation
of the experiment and analysis of the data. Notable achievements
include precise measurements of the masses and lifetimes of the weak
force carriers and other particles.  These have established that the
three ``generations'' of known quarks and leptons appear to be a
complete set of fundamental constituents of matter.  CERN has recently
upgraded the energy and intensity of LEP to extend the physics reach
of its experimental program and plans to run this facility through
the year 1999 and possibly 2000.  Support for OPAL is planned through
this phase, with a rampdown of the Canadian involvement to follow.

Two Canadian groups are performing experiments at the DESY laboratory
in Germany, where they are studying the structure of protons and
neutrons.  With NSERC funding, these groups provided detection systems
for the ZEUS and HERMES experiments and operate them during data
taking (8-9 months per year).  Canadian scientists have assumed
leadership roles through being appointed the deputy spokespersons in both
cases.  The ZEUS experiment, with access to the highest energy
electron-proton collisions ever achieved, allows researchers
to probe the structure of the proton down to incredibly small distance
scales (10$^{-18}$m).  These scientists have mapped the 
the proton in unprecedented detail, and have observed a dramatic
increase in the number of quarks carrying only a tiny fraction of the
proton's momentum.  The unique features of the HERMES experiment
are allowing physicists to isolate the contributions by specific
classes of quarks to one of the fundamental properties of protons and
neutrons, their spin.  The HERA accelerator will operate with an
intensity upgrade through 2005
with data taking for ZEUS planned through this period.  The spin
physics program at HERMES is expected to be finished by 2001.

A Canadian group is active in the CDF collaboration at Fermilab in the
U.S., currently the world's highest energy particle accelerator. A
Canadian played a leading role in the 1995 discovery of the sixth
quark (``top''), coordinating the analysis effort to search for this
heaviest member of the quark family.  A Canadian group also plays a
leading role in measurements of rare $K$-meson decays at Brookhaven
National Laboratory (U.S.).  This group, with a Canadian as
co-spokesperson, made the 1997 discovery of the decay $K^+
\rightarrow \pi^+ \nu \bar{\nu}$, the rarest particle decay ever seen.
This forms one part of the puzzle of why matter dominates over antimatter in
the universe.  Another Canadian group is assembling a large tracking
detector at TRIUMF, in preparation for the BaBar experiment at the
SLAC, which will further elucidate the reasons for this
matter-antimatter imbalance by studying decays of particles containing
``bottom'' quarks.\footnote{BaBar was not originally included in the
1995 long range plan due to funding constraints and the decision to focus
on SNO, ISAC and ATLAS. However, the 1996 GSC found the physics case
for this project to be so compelling that it recommended participation
in BaBar with significantly reduced scope. This participation
was made possible by infrastructure support from TRIUMF.}

Canada's contribution through TRIUMF to the LHC has made possible 
a substantial Canadian participation in the LHC physics program. 
Scientists using the ATLAS detector will identify the products of 
very high energy proton-proton collisions. They will either 
discover the Higgs boson, the particle thought to be 
responsible for the mass of all particles, or a host of
complementary phenomena not predicted by the Standard
Model.  The Canadian ATLAS group is designing,
prototyping, and constructing key elements of the detector,
called calorimeters, that will measure the energy of
particles produced in the collisions at
the LHC. This includes the development of electronics modules that
will read out the signals from these detector elements.

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\subsection{Subatomic Theory} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

There are approximately 75 Canadian physicists who are pursuing a
rich and diverse research program in theoretical subatomic physics. 
Much of this work has been based on the
idea that underlying symmetries play a fundamental role, as exemplified in 
the Standard Model, where these symmetries govern the nature of the
electroweak and strong interactions.
Canadian scientists are actively involved in developing
extensions to the Standard Model, since it in itself is widely
believed to be incomplete.

Canadians are making important contributions to the development and
application of
mathematical methods to the study
of the structure of protons, neutrons and other strongly interacting
particles.  They are approaching this in a number of ways, including
the use of phenomenological models, numerical
solutions of the basic theory, and ``effective theories'' that although
simpler, incorporate the
symmetries of the underlying theory. Extensions of these
ideas to statistical models with finite temperatures have received 
special attention, and are being applied to very energetic
nuclear collisions where high temperature
systems are created and the explicit effects of the underlying quarks and
gluons are expected to be seen.

Canadians have also made important contributions to the 
study of the theory of atomic nuclei.  Examples are the development of
symmetry-based algebraic models of nuclear motion, and the
study of how interactions between the protons and neutrons are modified 
inside atomic nuclei.

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\subsection{Funding of Subatomic Physics} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

NSERC support of subatomic physics has been administered via an
envelope system since 1991, placing all expenditures for operating,
equipment and infrastructure under the purview of GSC 19.  The
subatomic physics envelope was steady at \$19.6M from 1991-95; the
effects of federal funding cuts to NSERC and the first Reallocations
Exercise resulted in a decrease of the envelope to \$17.3M in
1997. The impact of these budget cuts on the subatomic physics
program has been severe, as we discuss in section 4.  In the 1997
grants competition, the ratio of funds awarded to funds requested was
only 55\%; 58 out of 92 applications received support at some level.

Subatomic physics research requires the use of large, custom-built
detectors at international facilities.  The GSC budget must provide
both the equipment funds for the Canadian share of the detectors
and the operating support for the participating scientists. 
This includes a substantial budget for travel to and work at international
facilities.  
Excluding equipment expenditures and
the direct cost of operating facilities, 
the average operating award in subatomic physics was \$71K per
experimentalist and \$23K per theorist in the 1997-8 grants
competition. Although higher than many NSERC disciplines, this level
of support remains considerably lower than that of colleagues in the
U.S. and Europe.  
Even the very high degree of selectivity applied by GSC 19 has not
made sufficient funds available to operate the highest priority
projects on par with international collaborators.
Funding for experimental work is usually
awarded in the form of three-year Project Grants, with a common budget for
each experiment.  In contrast, theoretical work is supported mainly by
Individual Research Grants.

The total investment in Canadian subatomic physics research is
approximately \$60M in 1997-8.  
NSERC support through GSC 19 provides almost all the funding for the
university-based researchers.  NRC provides $\sim\$30$M to operate
TRIUMF and the balance of support comes
from other federal and provincial sources, and the U.S. and
U.K. funding agencies (primarily for SNO).

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\section{Proposals for Funding} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

The large cut to the subatomic physics envelope (19\% since 1995) has
required significant reductions in the scope of theoretical and
experimental work.  The support for theorists (about 10\%\ of the
total envelope) has fallen
by $\sim20$\%, making it extremely difficult for these scientists to
fund graduate students and postdoctoral researchers.
GSC~19 has largely followed the Fenton plan in restructuring the
experimental program.
It cut terminated an entire area of study (the work based at SAL),
terminated support of a number of smaller projects, reduced
operating support to all of the ongoing experiments and provided only
modest increases in funding for the three highest priority
projects, SNO, ISAC and ATLAS.
This course of action has come with a significant scientific price.
Canadian groups have been forced to scale back time
spent at laboratories analyzing data and operating the equipment that they 
designed, built and installed with NSERC support.  They have been unable to
contribute to the upgrading of this equipment, leaving their foreign
partners to assume this responsibility.  They have been forced to
significantly reduce their contributions to the training of highly
qualified personnel. 
%Several promising young researchers have recently left Canada for faculty
%positions elsewhere, citing inadequacy of research support as a major
%factor in their decisions to leave.\footnote{These include
%D.B. MacFarlane (McGill), recipient of the Herzberg Award and the
%Steacie Prize, and
%G.~Savard (CRL) who was instrumental in the development of the
%Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer.}  
The subatomic physics
envelope requires a 20\% increase to reverse this decline in
scientific productivity.
The following sections detail five specific proposals 
for operating and equipment support, all of which have very high
priority.  We identify these as Type 1 requests given the nature of
GSC 19's ``envelope'' funding mechanism. 

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\subsection{Support of the GSC's Five Year Plan:  \$1.2M per Year} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

The subatomic physics GSC will contribute 6.8\% of its current \$17.3M
budget envelope to the Reallocations Exercise, corresponding to \$1.2M
per year phased in over four years. The extraordinary financial
pressures noted above led the GSC to propose a five-year spending
plan,\footnote{{\it Report on the 1997 Grant Competition: Awards, Policy
Matters, and a Five Year Spending Plan for Subatomic Physics}, NSERC
Subatomic Physics GSC, 22 April 1997. A copy of this report can be
found at
http://cepheid.physics.utoronto.ca/Review/chairs\_report\_1997.ps.} which assumes a constant budget
envelope of \$17.3M, with a spending profile of \$19.3M, \$17.7M,
\$17.9M, \$17.1M, \$14.5M from 1997-2001.  The higher spending levels
in the first 3 years are necessary to permit Canadians to provide
their equipment contributions to SNO, ISAC and ATLAS on timescales 
driven by the development of international facilities and research
partnerships.  NSERC Council, recognizing the strong scientific
arguments made by the GSC and the sound financial planning that had
been undertaken, approved a loan of just over \$3M 
to allow the implementation of this five-year plan.  
{\bf 
In support of the five-year plan for subatomic physics, we request as our
highest priority that there be no cut to the current envelope of
\$17.3M per year.  This corresponds to a return of the \$1.2M per
year from the Reallocations Exercise.} \\
~~\\
\noindent
\framebox[7in]{\parbox{6.5in}{
\begin{center}
{\bf Consequences of Loss of Reallocations Funds} \\
\end{center}
\vspace{-0.4cm}
The consequences of further cuts to the subatomic physics envelope
from the current level of \$17.3M, would be very severe.  As noted in
the GSC's 1997 Contingency Report,\footnotemark\
most of the shortfall would have to come out of
operating funds, further eroding scientific participation in projects
that Canada helped build.  Funding for some projects would fall below
``critical mass'' forcing the GSC to prematurely withdraw support
altogether.  The GSC would also have to
postpone equipment purchases for ISAC. This would seriously delay the
science program at a premier new facility that represents a
substantial investment of federal and provincial construction funds.
It would be necessary to reduce operating funds to SNO, which would be
particularly harmful just as the detector begins to acquire data and
would have damaging implications for
Canada's ability to act as a partner in international scientific
collaborations. Urgently needed increases in operating support for the 
ATLAS effort 
would also have to be postponed, aggravating the severe
shortage of funds for ATLAS as noted in the Contingency Report.
All development projects and new
initiatives would have to be suspended for several years causing
irreparable damage to the field. \\
\vspace{0.1cm}}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\footnotetext{{\it Contingency Provisions in
the Five Year Spending Plan for Subatomic Physics}, S.A.~Page, chair
of GSC 19, 9 May 1997.}
%  New, small initiatives
%
\subsection{R\&D and Smaller New Initiatives: \$0.6M per 
year} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}
%
Physicists working on the early stages of a subatomic physics
experiment must carry out instrumentation
development and feasibility studies before a full proposal can be
submitted for peer review.  This R\&D is only possible through
grants targeted for this work, since Project Grant funds
cannot be diverted from one project to another.
In recent years, 
R\&D funding for detector development and smaller new experimental 
initiatives has
been severely scaled back due to lack of funds.  The GSC's five-year
spending plan provides no relief for this situation.

Very strong candidates for this type of support have arisen in every
recent NSERC grants competition.  Some examples include:  R\&D into sensitive
detectors that could be used in the low-radioactivity site at SNO to
detect supernovae and search for dark matter candidates; 
detector development for a new rare $K$-meson decay experiment building on
the expertise and achievements of leading Canadians in this field;
and an experiment to measure the asymmetries in electron-nucleon 
scattering (G0 at Jefferson Lab)
building on the expertise gained in a related experiment at TRIUMF.
Exciting opportunities such as these will be 
lost to the Canadian community unless a small number of new projects
are supported through their R\&D phase.  
In the words of
the CAP/NSERC Review of Physics Assessors' Report,\footnote{{\it Assessors
Report on the Canadian Subatomic Physics Program}, J.~Deutsch et al., 5
June 1997, p. 2.} {\em`... As the ongoing programs cannot be further
cut without wasting intellectual and material investments, this
requires a modest but significant increase of the subatomic physics
envelope.'}  In 1997, R\&D and small project requests amounted to
\$1.4M.  The GSC was only able to award \$0.1M, leaving over 10 excellent
proposals completely unfunded.
{\bf We propose that \$0.6M per year be awarded for support of
R\&D to develop the next generation of experiments.  This will bring
the success rate of grant requests in this category closer to that
of the overall competition.}

\vspace{-0.3cm}
\subsection{Strengthening of Operating Support: \$1.4M per Year} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}
%
The subatomic physics community in Canada entered the first year of
the previous Reallocations cycle with 229 funded
researchers\footnote{A. Isabelle, NSERC, Private Communication.  
The NSERC staff report, {\it Research Grants Program: Discipline
Dynamics}, October 1997, does not list all grant holders funded by GSC
19.}\ in the 1995-96 competition. Since
that time, the number of researchers has remained constant,
with new university appointments replacing retirees.  However,
the funds available to support their operations have decreased by 11\%
from \$14.0M to \$12.5M.  The GSC had to plan a further 10\%  reduction
in operating support as part of its five-year budget plan.  This difficult
situation is
particularly harsh for young researchers.  Since 1995, 13 young
scientists have entered the discipline seeking funds to initiate new
projects or to enhance the scope of existing projects, which would
normally be supported out of operating funds.  
There have been no funds available to the GSC to
properly support these new applicants, many of whom 
show great promise for outstanding research careers.
The experimentalists have been forced to join existing experiments
without any increase in the corresponding Project grants, while the
new theorists have generally been funded below average levels.  The 
cumulative decrease
in operating funds from \$14.0M to \$11.25M urgently needs to be
addressed.  
{\bf We request \$1.4M per year from the Reallocations
Exercise, half the projected shortfall in operating funds, as a step
toward remedying this funding shortfall.} 

\vspace{-0.3cm}
\subsection{Canadian Contribution to ATLAS: \$1.5M of Equipment Funds} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}

ATLAS is the highest priority project for the future of the Canadian
particle physics community.  By the time ATLAS begins taking data,
it is expected that nearly half of this community will be working on this
project. The main goal of ATLAS is to detect the Higgs particle, which
is postulated to give rise to the origin of the mass of particles in
the Standard Model. Canadian development of two important detector
elements, the liquid argon hadronic endcap (HCAL) and forward hadronic
calorimeters (FCAL), and of elements of the associated readout
electronics, are innovative and have made a major impact on the design
of the ATLAS experiment.  The discovery of the Higgs particle will be 
a major breakthrough in our understanding of nature.  Both
the HCAL and FCAL are
crucial to detect the Higgs via selected decay modes, especially if
the Higgs particle is relatively massive.  It will not be possible to
detect these decays unambiguously without these devices.
        
In 1997, the GSC strongly endorsed the conclusions of an international
peer review committee that a Major Installation Grant award of \$15.4M to
construct the calorimeters described above would be an appropriate
match to the technical leadership, capability, and size of
the Canadian ATLAS group.  The GSC was able to award only \$12.2M for
the construction of one half each of the HCAL and FCAL detectors,
with a proportionally reduced contribution to the readout electronics.
The Reallocations process by itself can allow only a partial solution
to the ATLAS funding dilemma. 
{\bf We propose that an additional \$1.5M contribution to
the ATLAS detector be supplied from Reallocations funds
to build the second half of the forward calorimeter
(\$1.25M) and to proportionally increase the Canadian contribution to
the readout electronics for this device (\$0.25M).} 

\vspace{-0.3cm}
\subsection{DRAGON -- Centre Stage at ISAC: \$0.6M 
of Equipment Funds} \vspace{-0.25cm}
% 
The nuclear astrophysics program at ISAC will focus on measurements
of nuclear reaction rates under conditions comparable to those in
stars and supernovae.  Its success
hinges on a dedicated facility, known as DRAGON
(``Detector for Recoils And Gammas Of Nuclear reactions''),  
that will identify 
interesting reaction products amidst a large background of
unreacted beam particles.  
The facility consists of a gas target surrounded by very efficient,
very fast gamma ray detectors, and followed by a high resolution
electromagnetic spectrometer.
Its total estimated cost is \$3M.

The DRAGON proposal received strong endorsements from three
independent peer review panels in 1997. In its five-year financial
plan, the GSC was able to identify \$1.9M in equipment funds for
DRAGON, allocated from 1998-2000.  Together with a \$0.5M contribution
from TRIUMF, this will support construction of the electromagnetic
spectrometer.  However, funds to construct
the gamma ray detector would not be available until 2002 at the earliest. 
This detector is needed to increase the background rejection in
DRAGON by a factor of 1000, opening a new window for the
study of low reaction rate processes.  An important example of such a
process is the reaction on
one of the oxygen isotopes ($^{15}$O($\alpha,\gamma$)) as it is a 
crucial branching
point in stellar evolution.  Data on this reaction 
will not be accessible until the gamma ray detector is
operational.  
{\bf We request equipment funds of \$0.6M to complete the DRAGON
facility by the year 2000, commensurate with
the availability of radioactive beams at ISAC.} 

\vspace{-0.3cm}
\section{Concluding Remarks} 
\vspace{-0.25cm}
%
Our proposals for new funds have been carefully
selected to maximize the scientific impact of NSERC expenditures in
subatomic physics and to ensure the long term excellence of the
Canadian research program in this discipline.  The pressures on the
GSC 19 envelope in recent years have been extraordinary.
Many difficult decisions have been made to close facilities and wind
down Canada's involvement in experiments before the full scientific
return could be achieved.  Even with funding for all of the proposals
put forth in this document, the subatomic physics envelope in 2002-3
will be smaller than it was in 1994-5.  Considering the demonstrated
excellence of the Canadian research program and the size and scope
of the overall effort and investment in this field by Canada (of which
NSERC contributes roughly 30\%), our proposed additional investment 
will generate a high scientific return and is worthy of support
from the Reallocations Exercise.
%
\end{document}
